Newnes Telecommunications Pocket Book, Third Edition (Newnes Pocket Books)

414 Pages·2001·2.03 MB·English

by  Steve Winder

Newnes Telecommunications Pocket Book
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Newnes
Telecommunications
Pocket Book
Third edition
Steve Winder, BA, MSc, CEng, MIEE, MIEEE
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI
Newnes
AnimprintofButterworth-Heinemann
LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP
225WildwoodAvenue,Woburn,MA01801-2041
AdivisionofReedEducationalandProfessionalPublishingLtd
Firstpublished1992
Reprinted1995,1996
Secondedition1998
Thirdedition2001
ReedEducationalandProfessionalPublishingLtd,1992,1998,2001
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DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofa
licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0750652985
TypesetbyLaserWords,Madras,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
Contents
Introduction xi
1 Telecommunications overview 1
1.1 Speech and music signals 2
1.2 Video signals 2
1.3 Data signals 4
2 Telephone equipment 6
2.1 Constraints 6
2.2 Telephones 7
2.3 Loudspeakers 9
2.4 Microphones 10
2.5 Earpiece 11
2.6 Payphones 11
2.7 Cordless telephones CT1, CT2 13
2.8 Answering machines 15
3 Telex 16
3.1 Telex operation 16
3.2 Telex via the PSTN, private lines and radio 18
4 Mobilephones and pagers 21
4.1 Analoguecellular systems 22
4.2 Digital cellularsystems – GSM 26
4.3 Other digitalmobile systems 30
4.4 Code divisionmultiple access – CDMA 32
4.5 Digital cordless systems (DECT), CT3 33
4.6 Personal communications networks 33
4.7 Pager systems 34
5 Image capture and display 38
5.1 Alphanumeric displays– videotext 39
5.2 Video compression 41
6 Modems 43
6.1 Overview 43
6.2 Frequency shift key (FSK) 44
6.3 Phase modulation 45
vi
6.4 Multilevelsignals and the Gray code 48
6.5 Quadrature amplitudeand trellis coded 49
modulation
6.6 Modem delay time 51
6.7 Echo suppressionand cancellation 51
6.8 Security 53
6.9 Error control and correction 54
6.10 Transparency 57
6.11 Modem connections 58
6.12 RS232 interface 58
7 Facsimile 64
7.1 Data compression 68
8 High-speed data systems 72
8.1 Local data transmission 72
8.2 56 k modems (V.90 and V.92) 75
8.3 High-speed digital subscriberline (HDSL) 76
8.4 Asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL) 78
8.5 Single-pair digitalsubscriber line(SDSL) 80
8.6 High-speed digital subscriberline 2 (HDSL2) 80
8.7 Single-pair HDSL (G.shdsl) 80
8.8 Very-high-speed digital subscriberline (VDSL) 81
8.9 The integrated services digital network (ISDN) 81
9 Copper wire cable 92
9.1 Twisted pair cable 92
9.2 Coaxial cables 98
9.3 Data transmission cables 99
9.4 Electrical connectors 101
10 Optical fibre cables 107
10.1 Fibre optic cables 107
10.2 Couplers, connectors and splices 111
10.3 Optical transmitters 112
10.4 Optical detectors 113
10.5 Wavelength divisionmultiplexing(WDM) 114
11 Radio 117
11.1 Radio propagation 117
11.2 Local access 119
11.3 Cellular networks 120
vii
11.4 Microwavelinks 121
11.5 Satellitecommunications 122
12 Radio modulation 139
12.1 Signal sources 140
12.2 Modulatorsand demodulators 143
13 Private mobile radio 157
13.1 Local privatemobile radio 157
13.2 Trunked PMR 158
13.3 TETRA 160
13.4 Tetrapol 161
13.5 Apco project 25 162
13.6 EDACS 163
13.7 GSM ASCI/GSM-R 163
13.8 GSM pro 164
13.9 IDEN 164
14 Conversion between analogueand digital 165
14.1 Analogueto digital conversion 165
14.2 Digital to analogue conversion 170
15 Line interface functions 171
15.1 Interface functions at thecustomer’s end 171
15.2 Interface functions at thetelephone exchange 172
(central office)
15.3 Unbundled local loop (ULL) 177
16 Switching 180
16.1 Electromechanical components 180
16.2 Telephone exchange (central office) switching 183
16.3 Private branch exchanges (PBXS) 202
16.4 Next generation PBXs (NG-PBX) 204
17 Switched networks 208
17.1 Local networks 208
17.2 National networks 210
17.3 International networks 212
18 Repeaters 217
18.1 Analogueamplifiers 217
18.2 Digital regenerators 219
18.3 Optical repeaters 220
18.4 Radio relay 222
viii
19 Signalling 223
19.1 Signalling requirements 223
19.2 Local linesignalling 224
19.3 Channel associated signalling(CAS) 225
19.4 Common-channel signalling(CCS) 228
19.5 SS7 and theintelligent network (IN) 232
19.6 Inter-PBX signalling 234
20 Non-switched networks (LANs and WANs) 235
20.1 Local-area networks (LANs) 235
20.2 Wide-area networks (WANs) 247
20.3 Wireless connections 248
21 Multiplexing 256
21.1 Frequency divisionmultiplex – basicgroup 257
21.2 Time divisionmultiplex 64 kbit/sbaseband 260
signal
21.3 Plesiosynchronousdigital hierarchy 264
(PDH)
21.4 Synchronous digital hierarchy 270
21.5 Synchronous optical network (SONET) 271
21.6 Wavelength divisionmultiplexing(WDM) 272
22 Packet switched data 273
22.1 Packet switching 273
22.2 High-level data link control (HDLC) frame 275
structure
22.3 Switched multi-megabit data service 278
(SMDS)
22.4 Asynchronoustransfer mode (ATM) 278
22.5 Transmissioncontrol protocol/Internetprotocol 281
(TCP/IP)
23 The Internet 282
23.1 Internet control 282
23.2 Internet terminology 283
23.3 Internet structure 293
23.4 Intranets and firewalls 294
23.5 Electroniccommerce 295
23.6 Network computing 295
23.7 Real-time services 296
23.8 Wireless application protocol (WAP) 297
ix
24 Organizations 298
24.1 Network regulators 298
24.2 The International Telecommunications Union 300
(ITU)
24.3 CEN/CENELEC and CEPT 301
24.4 European Telecommunications Standards 302
Institute(ETSI)
24.5 American National Standards Institute(ANSI) 303
24.6 International Organization for Standardization 304
(ISO)
24.7 Electrical Industry Association(EIA) and 304
Telecommunications Industry Association(TIA)
24.8 Conformance testing and certification 305
organizations
24.9 Organization addresses 306
25 Standards 311
25.1 Interface and performance standards 311
25.2 Analoguetelephonenetwork standards in 312
Europe
25.3 USAtelecommunicationsapproval:FCCpart68 312
25.4 Open systems interconnection (OSI) 313
25.5 Conformance testing and certification 315
25.6 Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) and 316
electromagnetic interference (EMI)
25.7 The Low VoltageDirective 317
25.8 ISO 9000 318
25.9 Measurement standards 319
25.10 Reliability and failure statistics 319
25.11 Summary of ITU-T recommendation documents 323
26 Useful information 357
26.1 Abbreviationsand acronyms 357
26.2 Formulae relevant to telecommunications 370
26.3 International alphabet No. 2 and ASCII code 387
26.4 Wire colourcode 391
26.5 Telephone jack wiring in the UK 391
Bibliography 394
Index 397