Newcastle disease : a review of some of the literature published between 1926 and 1964

201 Pages·1966·38.078 MB·English

by  Lancaster, John E.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE
A REVIEW
1926-1964
J
. E . Lancaster
ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY
New York State Colleges
OF
Agriculture and Home Economics
AT
Cornell University
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
A REVIEW OF SOME OF THE LITERATURE
PUBLISHED BETWEEN 1926 AND 1964
John E. Lancaster
1966
Health of Animals Branch
CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Monograph No. 3
373333
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1966
ii
FOREWORD
Newcastle disease has probably received more attention from poultrymen and
research workers than any other respiratory disease of poultry. It is worldwide, and
affects fowl that are reared in thousands by modern intensive methods as well as
individual fowl that seek their own food in rural areas.
Control of the disease is essential if the poultry industry of many countries is to
flourish. In this book Dr. Lancaster reviews progress that has been made to date towards
accomplishing this goal. It is not a book that is likely to be of immediate interest to most
poultrymen, though it should benefit them indirectly. It is a research tool that should
be valuable to anyone studying Newcastle disease orits virus.
K. F. WELLS
VeterinaryDirector General
Ottawa, 1965
iii
PREFACE
This review is based on articles I have written over the past several years for
publication in a number of different journals. In bringing allthese articles together into
one volume I have expanded on them and also added a number of tables and diagrams.
The material covers many aspects of research on Newcastle disease and its virus, but
I have made no attempt to discuss every report that has been published on thesesubjects.
I have read most of the reports referred to in the original, and where this has not been
possible I have used abstracts published by the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux in
The Veterinary Bulletin.
Mention must be made here of three sources of information on Newcastle disease
which have become available since completion of the main work on this book. In 1963,
an international symposium on "Newcastle Disease Virus — An Evolving Pathogen"
was held in Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., and the proceedings, edited by Dr. R. P.
Hanson of the Study Center for Newcastle Disease at the University of Wisconsin, have
now been published. Dr. Hanson has also compiled a subject bibliographyon Newcastle
disease for the period 1926 to 1962. This bibliographyis in manuscript form. Dr. V. N.
Syurin of the Soviet Union has published a book in Russian (Psevdochuma ptits
[Newcastle Disease of Poultry] Moscow, 1963) in which he makes a detailed study of
Russian and foreign literature on the characteristics of viruses, withspecial reference to
Newcastle disease virus. Dr. Syurin's book includes a more detailed review of Russian
workon Newcastle disease than isgiven here.
I hope that the present volume, used in conjunction withtheseother works, will serve
as a useful reference to the literature on Newcastle disease published between 1926
and 1964.
JOHN E. LANCASTER
Ottawa, 1965
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The publication of this review would not have been possible without the kind help of
many individuals and organizations. Grateful acknowledgment is made to:
The Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux for permission to reproduce the con
tents of three reviews by the author published in The Veterinary Bulletin (Vol. 33,
pp. 221, 279 and 347, and Vol. 34, p. 57);
Dr. R.A. Bankowskiofthe University ofCalifornia at Davis, Dr. G. L. Bannister
of the Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Dr.
A. P. Waterson of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and the Controller of Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, for providing photographs; Dr. A. S. Greig
formodifyingone ofthedrawings; and
For permission to reproduce drawings and tabular material, the authors whose
names are given in captions; the publishers of the following Journals: Acta
Veterinaria Hungarica (Figure 19), American Journal of Hygiene (Figure 6),
American Journal of Veterinary Research (Figure 15 and Table 7), Animal Health
Yearbook (Figure 5), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Table 20),
Avian Diseases (Figure 7), Bacteriological Reviews (Figure 1), British Veterinary
Journal (Figure 23), Bulletin de l'Office International des Epizooties (Table 2),
Bulletin of the Interafrican Bureau for Animal Health (Figure 3), Canadian
Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science (Table 13), Cornell
Veterinarian (Figure 13), Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics
(Figures 11 and 18 and Tables 11 and 23), Journal of Experimental Medicine
(Figure 14),Journal of Immunology (Figures 21 and 22), The VeterinaryBulletin
(Tables 14, 15, 16 and 18), The Veterinarian (Table 10), The Veterinary Record
(Figure 17 and Table 12), World's Poultry Science Journal (Table 5); and the
American Veterinary Medical Association (Tables 3 and 22), the Controller of
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (Table 1), the Eighth World's Poultry
Congress (Table 4), the Italian Society of Veterinary Science (Table 21), the
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (Table 8), and the University
ofWisconsinPress, Madison, Wisconsin (Figure 20) .
The author's sincere thanks also go to personnel of the Canada Department of
Agriculture: to the staff of the Library for obtaining articles and reports for review
purposes; to the Art Section of the Information Division and the bio-Graphic Unit of
the Research Branch for preparing text figures; and, especially, to the Editorial Unit of
the Information Division for suggesting improvements to the original manuscript and
for attending to the many details of publication.
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CONTENTS
Page Page
Summaries in English and French .... 1 Asymptomatic infections 33
Definition of Newcastle Disease 13 Transport of live poultry 33
Nomenclature 13 Poultry markets 33
Propertiesof thevirus 13 Laying trials 34
Illegal movement 34
PARTI—SPREAD OF THEDISEASE Poultry carcasses and offal 34
Spread by human agency 36
Geographic Distribution 17 Human infection 36
Early reports ofdiseases
Warm-blooded animals 38
resembling Newcastle disease 17 Cold-blooded animals 40
First outbreaks of Newcastle
Inanimate causes 41
disease in England 18 Chicken houses, crates and
Spread through Southeast Asia .. 18
brooders 41
India 18 Wind 42
Philippines 18 Aerosols 43
Malaya 18
Water 44
Haiti and Madagascar 19 Poultry vaccines as a means of
United States 19 spread of Newcastle disease 44
Canada 19
Africa 19 PART II —DIAGNOSIS
Spread through Europe 19
Great Britain 22 GeneralCharacteristics of the
Ireland 22 Disease 45
Austria 22 Incubation period 45
World distribution in 1962 22 Breed susceptibility 46
Modes of Spread 23 Genetic differences in resistance 46
Wild birds 25 Sex differences in susceptibility 46
Infections in birds inzoological Age susceptibility 46
gardens 25 Effect of season of year 46
Introduction of virus by Climatic influences 47
imported birds 27 Routes of infection 48
Introduction of virus by Effect of the virus on avian
migratory birds 27 physiology 48
Excretion of virus in faeces 27 The Disease in Chickens 48
Game birds 28 Velogenic form 48
Pigeons and doves 28 Mesogenic form 53
Ducks and geese 29 Lentogenic form 56
Turkeys 29 Asymptomatic form 57
Chicken eggs 29 The Disease in Turkeys 57
Young chicks 30 The Disease in Ducks and Geese 58
Growing and adult chickens 31 The Disease in Game Birds 58
Excretion of virus from Diagnosis by Serological Methods 59
respiratory system 31 Haemagglutination (HA Test) .. 59
Excretion of virus in faeces 31 Haemagglutination-inhibition
Reservoir of virus in aqueous (HI Test) 61
humour 33 Other haemagglutinating agents 63
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Page Page
Haemolysis 63 Control with Hyperimmune Serum
Intradermal inoculation 64 Combined with Virus 88
Fluorescent antibody 64 Control with Antibiotics and Other
Serum electrophoresis 64 Medicinal Agents 88
Serum or virus neutralization Control by Vaccination 89
(SN Test) 64 Antigenic plurality 89
Complement-fixation tests 66 Procedures for evaluating
Precipitation test 66 immunity 89
Diagnosis by Virus Isolation 67 Factors that influence
Distribution of virus in the body . 67 development of immunity 92
Embryonating eggs 67 Passive immunity 92
Preparation of inoculum 67 Age at time of vaccination 93
Route of inoculation 68 Virus titre of the vaccine 93
Temperature of egg incubation 69 Viral interference 93
Blind passages 69 Differences between individual
Embryonic mortality 69 birds 95
Lesions in embryos 69 Effect ofvaccination on
Distribution of virus in susceptibility to another
embryos 70 disease 95
De-embryonated eggs 70 Other factors that affect
Tissue cultures 70 immunity 95
Mixed virus infections 72 Types of Vaccines — Administration
Diagnosis by Inoculation 73 and Effectiveness 95
Chickens 73 Live and inactivated vaccines
Pigeons 73 compared 95
Ducks 74 Live vaccines 97
Laboratory mammals 74 Lentogenic strains 97
Diagnosis by Challenge Exposure .... 74 Bl strain 98
Identification of Newcastle Disease Strain F 100
LaSota strain 102
Virus 74
Other lentogenic strains 102
Differential Diagnosis 75
Mesogenic strains 102
Viral diseases 75
Komarov (or Haifa) strain 102
Bacterial diseases 78
Mukteswar strain 103
Nutritional deficiencies 78
Strains originating in the
Toxic drugs and plants 78
United States 104
Avian respiratory diseases 78
Hertfordshire (or Herts)
strain 105
PART III — CONTROL MEASURES Other mesogenic strains 106
Extract of tobacco mosaic virus 106
Control by Slaughter 80
Tissue culture vaccines 106
Effectiveness in various countries 80
Inactivated vaccines 106
Action of Chemicals on Newcastle
Inactivationby beta-
Disease Virus 84
propiolactone 106
Sterilization of Atmospheres Inactivation by formalin 110
Contaminated with Newcastle Inactivation by crystal violet .... 113
Disease Virus 87 Inactivation by other chemicals 113
Control with Hyperimmune Serum .. 87 Inactivation by heat 113
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Page Page
Inactivation by ultraviolet Preparation ofvaccines from
irradiation 113 embryonating eggs 125
Inactivation by ultrasonic Egg transmitted diseases 125
treatment 114 Influence of parental immunity
Vaccines inactivated by different on preparation of vaccines .... 125
methods compared 114 Storage of virus material 127
"Incomplete" Newcastle disease Use of extra-embryonic fluids
vaccine 114 with or without suspensions
Combined vaccines 114 of embryonic tissues 127
Preparation offresh and
PART IV — VIRUS PROPAGATION lyophilized vaccine 129
Preparation of inactivated vaccine 129
AND VACCINE PRODUCTION
Preparation of Newcastle disease
Virus Propagation Methods 116 vaccines from virus propagated
Propagation in Eggs 116 in tissue culture 130
Propagation in avian hosts 117 Storage and Transportation of
Propagation in mammalian hosts 118 Vaccines 130
Propagation in tissue cultures .. 119 Testing and Standardization of
Propagation in yeast cells 124 Vaccines 133
Preparation of Vaccines 125 REFERENCES 135
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page Figure Page
1. Scheme of thestructure of 10. The velogenic form of Newcastle
—
Newcastle disease virus 14 disease lesions in intestine .... 51
2. Electron micrograph of 11. The velogenic formofNewcastle
Newcastle disease virus 15 disease—distribution of lesions 52
3. Newcastle disease in Africa
12. The mesogenic form of
south of the Sahara 20 —
Newcastle disease nervous
4. Infection density of Newcastle
symptoms 54
disease and fowl plague in 13. A comparison of the results of
Europe, 1940-1955 21 HI and SN tests 65
5. Incidence ofNewcastle disease
14. Tissue distribution ofNewcastle
in Europe in 1962 24
diseasevirus after intramuscular
6. Suggested scheme for the
vaccination of 10-week-old
pathogenesis ofNewcastle
chickens 68
disease virus 32
7. Mortality due to vaccination 15. Selective infection by Newcastle
disease virus 71
with a wing-web vaccine 47
8. Thevelogenic form ofNewcastle 16. Newcastle disease in the pigeon . 73
disease — symptoms of paralysis 49 17. Number of outbreaks of
9. The velogenic form ofNewcastle Newcastle disease in Great
disease — lesions in Britain and Lancashire,
proventriculus 50 1946-1961 82
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