New Trends in Smart Technologies - Portal de docentes FCT/UNL

285 Pages·2013·37.61 MB·English

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Fraunhofer-Institut für
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren IZPF
universität des Saarlandes
New Trends in Smart Technologies
Christian Boller
Hartmut Janocha (Eds.)
FrauNHoFEr VErlag
Contact
Christian Boller, Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Chair of Testing and Quality assurance, Saarland university and
Director of Fraunhofer Institute Nondestructive Testing IZFP
Campus E 3.1
66123 Saarbrücken/germany
Phone [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: www.izfp.fraunhofer.de
Members of staff:
Birgit Conrad-Markschläger, roger Pfau
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© by Fraunhofer Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8396-0577-6
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Contents
Preface

Fundamentals

Predictive Modeling of Smart Structures with In-situ Sensing Capability
1
Victor Giurgiutiu

Smart Ultrasonic Thin Film Based Sensors Systems - Investigations on

Aluminium Nitride for the Excitation of High Frequency Ultrasound
11
T. Herzog, S. Walter & H. Heuer

Self – Similar Patterns on A1 Single Crystal Foils Under Constrained Cyclic Tension

and Their Capabilities for Smart Sensor Applications
19
P.V. Kuznetsov, Y.I.Tyurin, I.P.Chernov, T.I.Sigfusson

Influence of Piezoactuator Coupling Degradation on Vibration Control Effectiveness

M. Pietrzakowski
27

Carbon Nanotube-Based Actuators
39
S. Geier, T. Mahrholz, P. Wierach & M. Sinapius

Working Behaviour and Control of Magnetorheological Dampers
51
Felix Weber

Uncertainty in Passive and Active Stabilisation of Critically Loaded Columns
61
G. C. Enss, R. Platz, H. Hanselka

How Simulation of Failure Risk Can Improve Structural Reliability –Application to

Pressurized Components and Pipes
69
Dragos D. Cioclov

Modelling

Dielectric Stack Actuators with Innovative Electrode Design
W. Kaal, J.Hansmann & S. Herold 89

Development of a Damage Quantification Model for Composite Skin-Stiffener

Structures

R. Loendersloot, T.H. Ooijevaar, A. de Boer, & R. Akkerman
99

FEM-Based Simulation, Optimization and Control of Adaptive Lightweight Structures
M. Fischer, R. Wüchner & K.-U. Bletzinger 109

On Modeling of Energy Self-Sufficient Vibration Absorber Sensor Modules
M. Kurch & D. Mayer 119

Failure Risk Assessment by Integration of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics and

Quantitative Non-Destructive Inspection – A Structural Health Monitoring View
127
Dragos D. Cioclov

Applications

Application of Risk Based Inspection to Heat Exchangers of a Chemical Plant
N. Farbas, A. Murariu, N. Pasca 141
Experimental Determination of the Multi-Axial Strain Transfer from CFRP-Laminates
to Embedded Bragg Sensor
N. Lammens 151

Impact and Damage Localization in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Plates by a
Piezoelectric Sensor Network
A. Ungethüm and R. Lammering 157

Fatigue Crack Detection using Nonlinear Vibro-Acoustic Modulations – Comparative

Study of Piezo-Based Excitation
165
R. B. Jenal, W.J. Staszewski, A. Klepka & T. Uhl

Crack Detection by Wave Propagation in Overhead Transmission Lines
177
L. Gaul, T. Haag, H. Sprenger, S. Bischoff

Vibration Damping of Turbomachinery Components
185
R. Bastaits, B. Mokrani, G. Rodrigues, I. Burda, R. Viguié, A. Preumont

Bridge Hinge-Restrainers Built up of NITI Superelastic Shape-Memory Alloys
195
F. P. Amarante Dos Santos & Corneliu Cismasiu

Active Control of Flow-Induced Acoustic Resonance Inside Downstream Cavities

Through Surface Perturbation
205
L. Cheng, Z. B Lu, D. Halim

Method of Impact Energy Dissipation by the Use of the Pneumatic Impact Absorber
with a Piezo-Valve
R. Wiszowaty, J. Biczyk, C. Graczykowski, G. Mikułowski 223

Thermoelectric Energy Harvester for a Smart Bearing Concept
Michał Lubieniecki & Tadeusz Uhl 231

Static-Aeroelastic Optimization of Surface Actuated Variable-Camber Piezocomposite

Morphing Wings
245
O. Bilgen, S. Barbarino & M. I. Friswell

Adaptive Aeronautical Structures Demonstration on a Modular Designed Micro Aerial

Vehicle
255
C.-M. Kuo, C. Boller
PREFACE
Adaptive, intelligent or smart technologies, materials and structures, or even expressions such as Adaptronics are now
around within the scientific community for nearly three decades. It encompasses sensing, actuation and control capabilities
to be combined from a systems approach would this happen on a macro, meso or even micro scale. Smart technologies, how
it is considered as the summarizing term here, have generated a variety of interdisciplinary activities and fields. Starting
from technology development in the early and mid-20th century technologies became increasingly specialized with the
danger of loosing the view of an integrated systems approach. Many of the existing technical systems in transportation,
manufacturing, processing, medicine, computation, electronics and others have made significant progress over the past
centuries and decades. However a lot of concern also emerged with regard to technical governance over a society and as to
where the human being and nature would find its role within the process. This concern has triggered a large amount of
research in the area of biomimetics and bio-inspiration which has been an answer from biology’s side to a natural and
engineering science request. Structures (macro) as well as materials (micro) have been considered, drawing upon an
understanding of materials and systems with sensing and actuation capabilities as well as control. This includes modelling,
numerical simulation, realisation on a laboratory and finally also real application scale. The diversity of disciplines
involved, comprising materials science and engineering, structural design, strength, dynamics and fatigue, control,
electrical engineering, applied mathematics, signal processing, non-destructive testing, artificial intelligence and much
more, makes up possibly one of the most interdisciplinary areas of engineering science history has ever seen.
Smart technologies have triggered a variety of new research areas which have gradually become subjects of their own or
merged into further areas of engineering. As regards sensing structural health monitoring (SHM) is one of those topics
which are increasingly discussed with respect to structural design, inspection and life cycle management. With respect to
actuation and damping a lot of novel actuation principles have been established, starting from the generation of guided
waves in the context of SHM, vibration dampers as a means of load alleviators and energy harvesters, or as elements of
morphing structures that optimize their shape in accordance to operational conditions. What happens at the macro scale is
allowed to also happen at the micro scale where micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are still the major
representatives. MEMS on the one side may be considered as a sensing system only but has to be considered as a smart
system completely when it comes to drug delivery and other similar types such as considered within the biomedical sector.
Progress in material science has provided a comprehensive and theoretical framework for implementing multi-functionality
into materials, and the development of high speed digital computation has allowed that framework to be gradually
transformed into methodologies to be considered for practical design and manufacturing. Actuation within a system is not
possible without control. Enhancement in computation power and decentralization as well as cost has allowed control
algorithms to be applied, that have not been applicable in the past. Development of products in the electronics entertainment
and leisure industry is currently ongoing at such a pace, technical standard, and as a consequence of high volume
production comparatively low cost, that smart technologies developed can virtually be obtained by ‘cannibalizing’ modern
electronic toys towards a new smart system. A rewarding area where this is happening in this regard is robotics. Micro
(unmanned) aerial vehicles with different sensors and morphing aerodynamic profiles have made a start with a trend of
gradually applying technologies developed also to ground and possibly even under water vehicles. Such a fleet of specific
small robotic vehicles being designed on a modular basis and operating even in swarms may be the automated inspection
helpers in the not too far future.
The smart technologies’ community nowadays meets at a variety of opportunities physically as well as intellectually. Those
opportunities include R&D projects, conferences and seminars, journals and books. Many of these opportunities have been
generated in a variety of locations around the globe over the past that are impossible to be mentioned here. The idea of
compiling this book has been generated along the 5th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials
held in Saarbrücken/Germany in the summer of 2011. From the variety of papers presented at this conference a variety were
considered worth to be expanded and to be compiled in a book providing recent trends with respect to the development and
realization of smart technologies and which has become the result of the book presented here. The different articles provide
an insight into where development in smart technologies stands today with a specific emphasis towards technology
application.
This book is structured into three main sections including a) Fundamentals, b) Modeling and c) Applications. As regards the
fundamentals, aspects related to different types of sensors and actuators are addressed as well as a system’s reliability and
risk assessment, the latter being a major issue not too much considered with regard to smart technologies so far. Within the
modeling section different aspects are considered such as actuators, damage in composite materials, adaptive structures
with regard to shape optimization, vibration absorption as well as probabilistic aspects within the frame of SHM. A large
amount of the book is devoted to smart technologies’ applications, starting from risk based inspections and looking into a
variety of SHM-based applications related to metallic as well as composite materials and even addressing the topic of
monitoring electric transmission lines. With a specific view on active blade damping and bridge hinge restrainers some
recent developments with the actuation side are discussed as well as some recent developments in flow control including
the aspect of morphing structures in micro aerial vehicles.
All of those smart technologies’ solutions can have some inspiring impacts on next generation nondestructive technologies’
development either from the sensing and sensor signal processing side with respect to SHM as well as from the robotics side
with regard to inspection vehicles. Further impacts have to be seen in the wide field of engineering, materials technology
and science and even medicine. All of those potential impacts have been a motivation to get this book edited. Therefore
hoping this book to become another source of inspiration in engineering through smart technologies the editors want to
thank Fraunhofer Gesellschaft for supporting this book to be published within the frame of Fraunhofer Publications not
only in a printed but also as an open access electronic publication, which can be found under
http://publica.fraunhofer.de/starweb/pub09/index.htm. Furthermore the editors want to thank all contributing authors for
their willingness and effort to submit partially well extended articles that have gone through a peer reviewing process and
the respective quality assurance process. Without their effort and support together with a variety of other editorial helpers
this book would not have been possible.
Christian Boller & Hartmut Janocha
Saarbrücken/Germany, June 2013
Fundamentals

Fundamentals
PREDICTIVE MODELING OF SMART STRUCTURES WITH IN-SITU SENSING
CAPABILITY

Victor Giurgiutiu*
University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A methodology for the predictive modeling of smart structures with in-situ sensing capability is presented and discussed. First,
the smart structures concept is briefly reviewed. Then, self-sensing smart structures with in-situ sensing capabilities are
introduced. Focus is placed on active sensing methods using ultrasonic guided waves in thin-wall structures. The challenges of
modeling ultrasonic wave propagation in realistic structures and the mesh-size and time-step convergence requirements are
discussed. The recently developed hybrid models for modeling ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation using bulk waves are
presented and their advantages are discussed as well. A new approach, the generic hybrid global-local (HGL) approach is
presented. It builds upon previous work in hybrid methods and extends them to guided waves in thin-wall structures equipped
with piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) capable of both transmission and reception of ultrasonic guided waves. The
features of this proposed HGL approach, which is still under development, are discussed.

SMART STRUCTURES

The concept of smart structures (a.k.a., adaptive structures or intelligent structures) is usually derived
through analogy with living organisms which can sense the environment, interpret the information sensed
from the environment, and react to it appropriately. For example, sensors in my skin would sense the
pricking of a rose’s thorns and send the information to my nervous system which will interpret it and
instruct my hand to let go and retreat. In order to achieve these functions, the living organisms possess
sensing, data processing, and actuation capabilities embedded into their complex bodies. Similarly, a bio-
inspired smart structure would be equipped with sensing, data processing, and actuation capabilities. A
smart structure is a multifunctional system with capabilities well beyond the mundane load-bearing mission
of conventional structures (Figure 1). Enabling technologies are active materials, integrated active sensors,
fiber optics sensors, fiber optics communication, solid-state actuators, autonomous power and energy
harvesting, multifunctional composites, self-healing materials, integrated electronics, reasoners, and
microcontrollers, etc.
Integrated
Electronics,
Microcontrollers,
Active Reasoners, etc. Fiber optics
materials sensors and
communication
Integrated SMART
active STRUCTURES Multifunction
sensors al composites
Solid-state Wireless
actuators Communication
Autonomous
Self-
Power
healing
Energy materials
Harvesting

Figure 1: The smart structures constellation: functional attributes and technology enablers.
1