New Thinking in GIScience

378 Pages·2022·6.478 MB·English

by  Bin Li, Xun Shi-Xing Zhu, Cuizhen Wang, Hui Lin

New Thinking in GIScience
· · · ·
Bin Li Xun Shi A-Xing Zhu Cuizhen Wang
Hui Lin
Editors
New Thinking in GIScience
Editors
BinLi XunShi
DepartmentofGeography DepartmentofGeography
andEnvironmentalStudies DartmouthCollege
CentralMichiganUniversity Hanover,NH,USA
MountPleasant,SC,USA
CuizhenWang
A-XingZhu DepartmentofGeography
DepartmentofGeography UniversityofSouthCarolina
UniversityofWisconsin-Madison Columbia,SC,USA
Madison,WI,USA
HuiLin
SchoolofGeographyandEnvironment
JiangxiNormalUniversity
Nanchang,Jiangxi,China
ISBN 978-981-19-3815-3 ISBN 978-981-19-3816-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3816-0
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Preface
Initiallyemergingfrommap-basedspatialdatainventoriesinthe1960s,Geographic
InformationScience(GIScience)hasundergonedecadesofevolutioncharacterized
by a breadth of technical breakthroughs and new applied fields. At the 28th Inter-
nationalConferenceonGeoinformatics,Nanchang,China(inhybridform),apanel
oftwenty-twoscholarspresentedtheirtheoreticalperspectivesonGIScience,which
attracted a large audience worldwide. The enthusiastic response and constructive
discussion prompted the idea of publishing a collection of short articles to reflect
thenewformsandfrontiersofcontemporaryGISciencebasedonthepaneldiscus-
sions.Encouragedbythefirmedsupportfromthepublishers,wedecidedtobroaden
the scope and invited an additional group of distinguished scholars to contribute
thought-basedessaysinthisbookNewThinkinginGIScience.
Overonehundredauthorscontributedfortymanuscripts.Withthemajorityfrom
academia,theauthorswereleadersinGIScienceresearch,development,andapplica-
tions.ManyleadauthorsareprolificwriterswellknowninGIScience,amongwhom
areeditorsandeditorialboardmembersofprominentjournalsinthediscipline.Also
includedintheauthorteamarejuniorscholarswhoaredoingcutting-edgeworkthat
advancesandexpandsthefield.
Thus,animportantanduniquepurposeofthisbookistoprovideanuncommon
outlet for a group of active thinkers in GIScience to present their most vanguard
and sometimes early thoughts, ideas, and speculations about the discipline. In our
invitationtotheauthors,wemadeitclearthatwhatweneedareseminal“position
papers”ratherthanordinaryresearchpapers.
Theessayscoverawiderangeoftopicsandrepresentdiverseperspectivesonthe
futuretrendofGIScience.Theyareorganizedintofourcategories.Thefirstcategory
dealswithconceptualtopics,includingthechangingconnotationsofGIScienceand
aproposaltoextendGIStoHoloSpatialInformationSystem(HSIS),newrepresen-
tationsinbothGISandremotesensing,elaborationonVirtualGeographicEnviron-
ment(VGE)andtheNeighborhoodEffectAverageProblem(NEAP),guidelinesfor
presentingtherelevanceofresearch,andproposalsofnewlawandnovelapproaches
v
vi Preface
toGIS-basedmodeling.Topicsinthesecondcategoryconcernthefunctionalcompo-
nents of GIS, such as the management of unstructured geospatial data and Volun-
teeredGeographicInformation(VGI),implementationofnewfunctionsforspatial
causal analysis, Bayesian modeling, domain knowledge-based modeling, GeoAI,
deep learning, and energy-conscious cartographic design. Prospects on GIS soft-
waredevelopmentintheneweraofcloudcomputingarealsoincludedinthisgroup.
The third category highlights new research directions in remote sensing applica-
tions,namelyretrievalofcanopystructuralandleafbiochemicalparameters,LiDAR
remotesensingofforestecosystems,timeseriesanalysisofdensesatelliteimage,and
integration of earth remote sensing and social sensing. The fourth category covers
domain-specific topics. In addition to new perspectives on the integration of GIS
withhumanitiesandsocialsciencesaswellasGIS-enabledurbanscience,theessays
share authors’ insights on specific application domains such as social governance,
planning,transportation,crime,health,andlanduse.
Weareindebtedtotheauthorswhodemonstratednotonlydistinctscholarships
but also a high level of professionalism. They submitted their first drafts in less
than two months from early November 2021 and completed the revisions by the
endofJanuary2022.Thetimelinewasparticularlydemandingformanyauthorsfor
whomEnglishisnottheirworkinglanguage.Theygracefullyrespondedtoeditors’
suggestions for revisions in both content and language in a timely manner, which
madeitpossibletoproducethisvaluablevolumeonsuchatighttimeline.
Most of the authors, including ourselves as editors, are members of the Inter-
nationalAssociationofChineseProfessionalsinGeographicInformationSciences
(CPGIS) which was founded in 1992. We proudly present the book as a tribute to
thecelebrationofthe30thanniversaryofCPGIS.
MountPleasant,USA BinLi
Hanover,USA XunShi
Madison,USA A-XingZhu
Columbia,USA CuizhenWang
Nanchang,China HuiLin
March2022
Contents
1 FromRepresentationtoGeocomputation:SomeTheoretical
AccountsofGeographicInformationScience .................... 1
MayYuan
2 OnHolo-spatialInformationSystem ............................ 9
ChenghuZhou,YixinHua,TingMa,andTaoPei
3 TheVirtualGeographicEnvironments:MorethantheDigital
TwinofthePhysicalGeographicalEnvironments ................. 17
HuiLin,BingliXu,YutingChen,QiJing,andLanYou
4 BigRemoteSensingDataasCurves ............................. 29
FangQiuandYunweiTang
5 GISciencefromViewpointofInformationScience ................ 41
ZhilinLiandTianLan
6 TowardsPlace-BasedGIS ...................................... 51
SongGao
7 TheBottom-UpApproachandDe-mappingDirectionofGIS ...... 59
XunShi,MeifangLi,andXiaLi
8 TheGeographyofGeography .................................. 67
WeiheWendyGuan
9 ClassificationandDescriptionofGeographicInformation:
AComprehensiveExpressionFramework ....................... 75
GuonianLv, ZhaoyuanYu, LinwangYuan, MingguangWu,
LiangchenZhou,WenLuo,andXueyingZhang
10 OntheThirdLawofGeography ................................ 85
A-XingZhu
vii
viii Contents
11 HumanMobilityandtheNeighborhoodEffectAveraging
Problem(NEAP) .............................................. 95
Mei-PoKwan
12 HowtoFormandAnswertheSoWhatQuestioninGIScience ..... 103
LanMu
13 ProspectsonCausalInferencesinGIS .......................... 109
BinLi
14 BayesianMethodsforGeospatialDataAnalysis .................. 119
WeiTuandLiliYu
15 GISSoftwareProductDevelopmentChallengesintheEra
ofCloudComputing ........................................... 129
FuxiangFrankXia
16 Spatial Thinking of Computational Intensity in the Era
ofCyberGIS .................................................. 143
ShaowenWang
17 GeoAIandtheFutureofSpatialAnalytics ....................... 151
WenwenLiandSamanthaT.Arundel
18 Deep Learning of Big Geospatial Data: Challenges
andOpportunities ............................................. 159
GuofengCao
19 TowardsDomain-Knowledge-BasedIntelligentGeographical
Modeling ..................................................... 171
Cheng-ZhiQinandA-XingZhu
20 Mitigating Spatial Bias in Volunteered Geographic
InformationforSpatialModelingandPrediction ................. 179
GuimingZhang
21 DealingwithUnstructuredGeospatialData ...................... 191
HuayiWuandZhaohuiLiu
22 Green Cartography and Energy-Aware Maps: Possible
ResearchOpportunities ........................................ 197
MingguangWu,GuonianLv,andLinwangYuan
23 NextStepinVegetationRemoteSensing:SynergeticRetrievals
ofCanopyStructuralandLeafBiochemicalParameters .......... 207
JingM.Chen,MingzhuXu,RongWang,DongLi,RonggaoLiu,
WeiminJu,andTaoCheng
Contents ix
24 LiDARRemoteSensingofForestEcosystems:Applications
andProspects ................................................. 221
QinghuaGuo, XinlianLiang, WenkaiLi, ShichaoJin,
HongcanGuan,KaiCheng,YanjunSu,andShengliTao
25 DenseSatelliteImageTimeSeriesAnalysis:Opportunities,
Challenges,andFutureDirections .............................. 233
DeshengLiuandXiaolinZhu
26 Digital Earth: From Earth Observations to Analytical
Solutions ..................................................... 243
CuizhenWang
27 Spatial–TemporalBigDataEnablesSocialGovernance ........... 253
JianyaGongandGangXu
28 Geo-computationforHumanitiesandSocialSciences ............. 265
KunQin, DonghaiLiu, GangXu, YanqingXu, XuesongYu,
andYangZhou
29 FourMethodologicalThemesinComputationalSpatialSocial
Science ....................................................... 275
FahuiWang
30 GeosocialAnalytics ............................................ 283
KaiCao,YuntingQi,Mei-PoKwan,andXiaLi
31 DefiningComputationalUrbanScience ......................... 293
XinyueYe, LingWu, MichaelLemke, PamelaValera,
andJoachimSackey
32 WhatCanWeLearnfrom“Deviations”inUrbanScience? ........ 301
FanZhangandXiangYe
33 VariantsofLocation-AllocationProblemsforPublicService
Planning ..................................................... 309
YunfengKong
34 Smart,Sustainable,andResilientTransportationSystem ......... 319
Zhong-RenPeng,WeiZhai,andKaifaLu
35 The “Here and Now” of HD Mapping for Connected
AutonomousDriving .......................................... 329
LiqiuMeng
36 ModellingTeleconnectionsinLandUseChange .................. 341
YiminChenandXiaLi
37 ProgressesandChallengesofCrimeGeographyandCrime
Analysis ...................................................... 349
LinLiu
x Contents
38 GISEmpoweredUrbanCrimeResearch ........................ 355
YijingLiandRobertHaining
39 GISinBuildingPublicHealthInfrastructure .................... 367
GeLin
40 Challenging Issues in Applying GIS to Environmental
GeochemistryandHealthStudies ............................... 375
ChaoshengZhang,XueqiXia,QingfengGuan,andYilanLiao
Chapter 1
From Representation
to Geocomputation: Some Theoretical
Accounts of Geographic Information
Science
MayYuan
Abstract ThisessaydiscussestheoreticalperspectivesinGIScienceinrepresenting
andcomputinggeographicinformation.Groundingthediscussionistheneedfornew
waysofthinkingaboutnewfacts.Informationandgeospatialtechnologiescontinue
acquiring new facts of various kinds. New ways of thinking about these new facts
areessentialtotheoreticaladvances.Geographicrepresentationencodesnewfacts
to evoke new ways of thinking about them. Geocomputation carries out analyt-
ical and modeling procedures to realize these new ways of thinking. Discussions
followtheproposedobject-fieldcontinuumandevent-processcontinuumtocapture
theessenceofgeographicrepresentationandcomputationalthinking.Whilemuch
progresshasbeenmade,theoriesinGIScienceresearchmostlyapplyexistingones
from other disciplines or surround conceptual, logical, or ontological arguments.
Thelackofawell-definedtheoryforgeographicinformationpresentsanexcellent
researchopportunity.Theoriesforstatisticsandmachinelearningareexemplars.
· · · ·
Keywords Thinking Object-field Event-process Theory Law
1.1 Introduction
“Theimportantthinginscienceisnotsomuchtoobtainnewfactsastodiscovernew
waysofthinkingaboutthem,”remarkedSirWilliamLawrenceBragg,theyoungest-
everNobellaureatewhoreceivedthe1915Nobelprizeinphysicsatage25.Indeed,
newfactswithoutnewthinkinghelpgrowanarchivebutcontributelittletounder-
standing, innovations, or predictions. In the era of data deluge, new facts are not
onlyplentifulbutoverwhelming.Theneedtodiscovernewwaysofthinkingabout
the ever-growing new facts intensifies. Scientific advances come from acquainting
newfactswithnewthinkingfornovelperspectivesandinsights.Thisessaygrounds
Geographic Information Science (GIScience) in Bragg’s premise to examine the
synergisticconvergencebetweennewfactsandnewwaysofthinkingfortheoretical
B
M.Yuan( )
TheUniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson,TX75080,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
©HigherEducationPress2022 1
B.Lietal.(eds.),NewThinkinginGIScience,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3816-0_1