Table Of ContentNew Security Challenges:
The Adaptation of International Institutions
Reforming the UN, NATO, EU and CSCE since 1989
Ingo Peters, Editor
A publication of the Center on Transatlantic Foreign
and Security Policy Studies,
Freie UniversiHit Berlin, Department of Political Science
New Security Challenges:
The Adaptation of
International Institutions
Reforming the UN, NATO, EU
and CSCE since 1989
Ingo Peters, Editor
LIT VERLAG
Palgrave Macmillan
First published in Germany by
LIT VERLAG
Dieckstr. 73 D-48145 Munster
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
New security challenges: the adaptation of international institutions : reforming the
UN, NATO, EU and CSCE since 1989 I Ingo Peters (Ed.) .
- Munster : Lit, 1996
(Forschungsberichte internationale Politik; 21.)
ISBN 978-3-8258-2538-6
NE:GT
First published in the United States of America 1996 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.
Scholary and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York,N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-1-349-61409-7 ISBN 978-1-137-05126-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-05126-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
New security challenges: the adaptation of international institutions
: reforming the UN, NATO, EU and CSCE since 1989 I [edited by]
Ingo Peters.
p. em.
Includes bilbliographical references and index.
ISBN: 0-312-16262-6
1. Security, International. 2. International cooperation.
3. Europe-Foreign relations. 4. Europe-Military relations.
I. Peters, Ingo.
JX1961.E8N494 1996
354.1-dc20 96-17549
CIP
@ 1996 LIT VERLAG
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1996 978-0-312-16262-7
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may
be made without written permission.
Any persons who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be
liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
Foreword
The articles compiled in this volume were originally prepared for a panel set up by
the editor for the International Studies Association's (ISA) annual conference in
Washington, OC, March 28 to April 1, 1994, on "The New Agenda of World
Politics." The editor decided to add a short introduction in order to provide the
reasoning for investigating institutional change in general, and in particular after the
end of the East-West conflict. Additionally, it seemed adequate to state some
fundamental considerations about the relationship between state actors, international
institutions and their role and meaning regarding the course and the outcome of
international political processes.
Neither the editor nor the authors pretend that the analyses of this volume rest on a
common and concise theoretical framework. The starting point was a common set of
questions regarding empirical processes of institutional adjustment in view of a not
yet finished process of fundamental change of the international environment. This
empirical interest has been combined with a common awareness of alternative
explanatory answers, i. e. varying explanations by different theoretical approaches
regarding the achievements and shortcomings of institutional adjustment. This
general awareness generated various more or less similar (implicit or explicit)
references to theoretical approaches on the parts of the individual authors. The
purpose of this study, however, is confmed to a discriptive and interpretive and not
causal analysis of institutional change.
The editor likes to thank the contributors to this volume for their co-operative spirit
and substantial papers. Moreover, he is grateful for the editorial assistance of Olaf
LeifJe, Genevieve Libonati and Amanda Linton, Beatrix Schmelzle, Oliver Bauer and
Martin Stennert, the research assistance of Henning Riecke and Kai Radtke. The
editior's initiative for the ISA panel as well as for this volume were related to his
research project on the process of institutionalisation of the CSCE supervised by
Prof Dr. Helga Haftendom. Therefore, last but not least, the editor likes to thank
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for its generous support regarding travel
expenses for attending the ISA meeting, and-even more importantly-funding of the
preceding CSCE research project (1992/93).
Berlin, January 1996
Ingo Peters
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 5
Table of Contents 7
List of Abbriviations 8
Introduction: New Security Challenges and Institutional Change 11
lngoPeters
The Reform ot the UN: Achievements and Shortcomings 19
W. Andy Knight
Preparing the UN Security Council for the New Millennium: 65
Renaissance on the East River?
John Petrie
From the CSCE to the OSCE - 85
Institutional Quality and Political Meaning
lngo Peters
NATO Reform: Alliance Policy and Cooperative Security 123
John Barrett
The Common Foreign and Security Policy of 153
the European Union: Words vs. Deeds
Finn Laursen
The adaptation of Institutions and Small States 179
Heinz Gartner and Allen G. Sens
Resume: Reforming European Security Institutions since 1989 203
lngo Peters
7
Abbreviations
ACE Allied Command Europe
CEAC Committee for European Airspace Co-ordination
CEE Central and East European
CFE Conventional Forces in Europe
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
CiO Chairman in Office
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CITF Combined Joint Task Forces
CNAD Conference of National Armaments Directors
COMECON Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives
CPC Conflict Prevention Centre
CSBM Confidence and Security Building Measures
CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
cso
Council of Senior Office
EC European Community
ECJ European Court of Justice
ECSC European Coal and Steal Community
EDC European Defence Community
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EPC European Political Co-operation
EU European Union
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Committee
FSC Forum for Security Co-operation
GDR German Democratic Republic
HCNM High Commissioner for National Minorities
HQ Headquarters
ICJ International Court of Justice
IFOR Implementation Force
IGC Intergovernmental Conferences
INF Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
INF Intermediate Nuclear Forces
IPP Individual Partnership Program
ISA International Studies Organisation
NACC North Atlantic Co-operation Council
NAMSA Maintenance and Supply Agency
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NNA Neutral and Non-aligned (Countries)
9
NTM National Technical Means
ODIHR Office for Democratic fustitutions and Human Rights
OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PARP Planning and Review Process
PCC Partnership Co-ordination Cell
PfP Partnership for Peace
PrepCom Prepatory Committee
PSC Principal Subordinate Command
PWP Partnership Work Program
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
SCEPC Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee
SEA Single European Act
SG Secretary General
SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
SOFA Status of Forces Agreement
SOP Standing Operational Procedures
STANAGS Standardisation Agreements
STANA VFORMED Standing Naval Force Mediterranean
UN United Nations
UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force
WEU Western European Union
WTO World Trade Organisation
10
NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES AND INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGE: INTRODUCTION
lngoPeters
The East-West conflict is over: the overall peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe
brought an end to communist rule and simultaneously to the basic political conflict
between the socialist and the democratic parts of the world. It meant also an end to
Soviet hegemony over Eastern Europe, and in December 1991 an end to the Soviet
Union as an hegemonial power and even as a state. Additionally, the Soviets'
institutional network of "socialist internationalism", first and foremost the
COMECON and the Warsaw Treaty Organisation, was dissolved.
For the former member states of the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe, Russia and the
other successor-states to the Soviet Union, the revolutions generated the prospect of
democracy, market economy and improved adherence to human rights. This prospect
looked promising indeed in the light of the peoples' sobering experiences with the
shortcomings of socialism. However, the new democracies have to be build on the
ruins of the socialist states and societies in a long and still continuing process of
societal, economic and political transition. This process has generated social unrest,
economic hardship and political uncertainty. Moreover, the fundamental changes in
the states have been going along with problems on the international level: ethnic
nationalist conflicts arose, territorial and border disputes led to open, violent
conflicts between states as well as to wars of session. The bloody wars in former
Yugoslavia and the Caucasus are just the most obvious cases in point.
In the East, institutional disintegration has occurred from the domestic level via the
state up to the level of international co-operation within the eastern "bloc". With the
disappearance of Soviet hegemony, the state-building processes in the new
democracies have been proceeding with a new assertiveness on the parts of the
young democracies regarding their national identity and sovereignty after forty years
of subordination to Soviet dominance. Simultaneously, however, the governments
and people of Central and Eastern Europe look westward and strive to become
members of western international institutions. These at least partly contradictory
goals, on the one hand, the strengthening of national sovereignty and, on the other
hand, the longing for political integration into western institutions, can be explained
by the role of the western economic and social system as models for the new
democracies, by the need and hope for financial and practical help from the western
communities for the transitory processes in the eastern states, and -last but not least
11
