New records of scaleworms and their allies (Polychaeta: Aphroditoidea and Pisionoidea), from the Clyde and Argyll Sea Area, with notes on parasitic copepods, commensal entoprocts, and other epizoans

2011·10.7 MB·English

by  Stephen Nowacki

The GlasgowNaturalist(2011), Volume 25, Part3, 49-60
New records of scaleworms and their allies (Polychaeta: Aphroditoidea and
Pisionoidea), from the Clyde and Argyll Sea Area, with notes on parasitic
copepods, commensal entoprocts, and other epizoaes
Myles O’Reilly, StephenNowacki & Alison Bell
ScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgency(SEPA)
SouthWestArea, 5 RedwoodCrescent, Peel Park, EastKilbride G74 5PP
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT the present authors. All records between 1990 and
New records are provided of31 species ofscaleworm 2007 are included plus a handful of later records for
(and allied taxa) collected over a period ofyears from rarerspecies.
the Clyde and Argyll Sea Area. The species Pisione
remota, Enipo elizabethae, Harmothoe antilopes, H. Unless otherwise stated, the surveys generally involved
pagenstecheri, H. spinifera, Malmgrenia castanea, grabbing or coring of sublittoral seabed sediments,
M
Malmgrenia ijungmani and marphysae are newly usually in association with monitoring industrial or
recorded from the area, while Harmothoe fragilis is sewage treatment works discharges or fish farm sites.
found for the first time from Scottish waters. The Hence species from sublittoral substrates predominate
widespread occurrence ofboth Pholoe inornata and P. while those from intertidal areas or rocky or stony
baltica in the area is confirmed. New records are also habitats are poorly represented. However three
provided of parasitic copepods associated with infrequently recorded species were recovered from
scaleworms including Selioides bocqueti, Herpyllobius bundles of nylon mesh (“clam spat bags”) moored
polynoes, Herpyllobius arcticus, and Eurysilenium subtidally for several months to assess settlement of
truncatum. E. tmncatum is confirmed forthe firsttime scallop spat. The records for each species are arranged
from British waters. Additional records are cited for geographically, approximately north to south. For
entoprocts, hydroids, bryozoans and stalked ciliates relatively common species only the general survey
attached to specimens of Gattyana cirrhosa or locations are given but more information on sampling
Aphrodita aculeata. The entoproct Loxosomella stations are provided for less common species, with
glandulifera is recorded for the first time from British records from five or fewer survey occasions. For the
waters. latter, notes on the numbers per station are given and
station details are shown inthe appendix.
INTRODUCTION
The scaleworm families (Polynoidae, Acoetidae, Specific identification of scaleworms generally
Pholoidae, & Sigalionidae) and their allies the requires microscopical examination and canbe difficult
prongworms (Pisionidae) and the sea mice especially with juvenile specimens or material fixed
(Aphroditidae) are among the most readily with formalin which is often damaged or incomplete.
recognisable ofpolychaete worms and are common in There have been numerous changes of nomenclature
bothintertidal and sublittoral habitats. They frequently and taxonomy over the years, which make assessment
occur in benthic macrofaunal monitoring surveys of older records difficult. The works of Tebbie &
although many of these records remain hidden in Chambers (1982) and Chambers (1985) on Scottish
unpublished environmental impactreports. The aim of scaleworms, and the subsequent synopsis by Chambers
this communication is to bring to light the records held & Muir (1997) on British scaleworms have added
by SEPA (South West Area) in line with the current greatlyto the knowledge ofthis group inUKwaters. It
interestindocumentingmarine biodiversity. is clear that the known distribution of scaleworms in
British waters is still incomplete, especially in relation
The records included here originate mostly from to some of the more recently recognised species. At
monitoring surveys carried out since 1990, undertaken least one species new to the British Isles has been
by the authors under the then Clyde River Purification found relatively recently in Northern Ireland
Board (CRPB) and since 1996 under the Scottish (Chambers, 1989) and it is possible that this, or
Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Although perhaps other new species, may yet be found in
numerous CRPB records prior to 1990 exist they are Scottish seas.
not cited except in a few cases where voucher
specimens have been retained and identities verifiedby
49
Useful notes on some of the species which occur in southern North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea,
British waters, including reviews of the genus and off the south and west coasts of Ireland. There
Harmothoe and Mahngreniella {sic), are provided in does not appear to be any previous records from the
recent revisions of Mediterranean scaleworms by Clyde Sea Area orfrom Scottishwaters.
Bamich & Fiege (2000, 2001, 2003) and also the
monograph on Arctic Polychaeta by Jirkov (2001).
Pettibone (1993) introduced some differences in Family Aphroditidae
generic nomenclature such as using Malmgreniella for Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758 (SeaMouse)
Malmgrenia. However the usage of Malmgrenia (for Loch Eil - Aug.Ol, Lynn of Lome: Sound of Shuna,
North Atlantic species) has recently been conserved by Jun.92, Loch Creran: South Shian - Aug.Ol, Barcaldine
the International Commission on Zoological Aug.Ol, Mull: Tobermory Bay -Aug.Ol, Scallastle Bay
Nomenclature (ICZN, 2009). The nomenclature used - Jun.94, Inner Firth of Clyde: Gareloch - Apr.09,
here follows Chambers & Muir (1997) except for the Greenock, Ironotter Point - May 89, Apr.92, May 95,
genus Pholoe which was revised byPetersen (1998). May 98, Cloch Point - Apr.93, Mar.96, Apr.99, May
2000, Mar.02, Apr.03, Apr.04, Apr.05, Oct.07,
The polychaete records from the Clyde Sea Area were Rothesay - Jun.Ol, North ofCumbrae - Apr.93, Irvine
compiled by Clark (1960) as part of the Clyde Sea Bay - Sep.89, Oct.92, Oct.99, Oct.03, Kilbrarman
Fauna series and included notes on 28 scaleworm Sound - Nov.04, Gigha: Dmimyeon Bay - Oct.93,
species and 3 allied aphroditid species from throughout Campbeltown Loch - Jan.Ol, Nov.04, Loch Ryan -
the Firth ofClyde. Additional polychaete records for Oct.91, Sep.92, Oct.94, Nov.96.
the Clyde and Argyll area can be found in McIntyre
(1961), Clark & Dawson (1963), Pearson (1970, 1975), Aphrodita aculeata is known as the “sea mouse” and is
Gage (1972a,b) and Comely (1973). Many of these unmistakeable with beautiful iridescent hairs along its
records were reviewed and amended by Tebble & flanks. The adults can attain lengths of 15cm or more.
Chambers (1982) and Chambers (1985). Immature specimens also have a distinctive bmsh-like
appearance and most of the records above refer to
The Clyde and Argyll marine census area, as depicted juvenile specimens, only a few millimetres in length,
in Lincoln (1979), is larger than that ofthe Clyde Sea recovered from grab samples. A. aculeata is widely
Fauna series incorporatingthe Firth ofClyde, including distributed around the Scottish coasts.
Loch Ryan, the western Kintyre peninsula, the Inner
Hebrides, Loch Linnhe, and also part of the coast of Family Polynoidae
Northern Ireland. This note includes records of 31 Adytepellucida (Ehlers, 1864)
species of scaleworm (or allied taxa) including eight Inner Firth ofClyde: Greenock, Ironotter Point - May
newto the area and one new to Scottish waters. 95, 2 at Stn. H750, Cloch Point - May 99, 1 at Stn.
CMT7, May 2000, 1 at Stn. CMT7, Cumbrae:
While scaleworms are well known as associates of Ballochmartin Bay - Nov.90, several on “clam spat
other invertebrates (Pettibone, 1993) they also act as bags”, Irvine Bay - Sep.89, 1 at Stn. P.
hosts to a range ofparasitic copepod species, as well as
harbouring other epizoans including entoprocts, The cusped neurochaetae help distinguish this species
bryozoans, hydroids and ciliates. New records of (along with its siblingA. assimilis). Both species were
copepods and other epizoans associated with recorded in the Clyde Sea Fauna although Tebble &
scaleworms and also with aphrotidid “sea mice” are Chambers (1982) were unable to confirm this. Some
provided. The epizoan species were identified with the of the A. pellucida material from Ballochmartin Bay
aid of Hayward (1985), Hayward & Ryland (1990), has since been confirmed by Susan Chambers.
Nielsen (1964, 1989), and Schuchert (2008). Elsewhere in Scotland A. pellucida has been found in
the Shetlands, the OuterHebrides, and LochEil.
Scaleworms and their allies (Pisionoidea and
Aphroditoidea), from the Clyde and Argyll Sea Alentiagelatinosa (M.Sars, 1835)
Area Loch Creran: South Shian - Aug.Ol, 1 at Stn. 5,
Cumbrae: Ballochmartin Bay - Nov.90, several on
Family Pisionidae “clam spatbags”, Irvine Bay - Sep.89, I at Stn. P.
Pisioneremota (Southern, 1914)
Ayr Bay - Jul.94, 1 specimen at Stn.3, Girvan: The prominent flap over the posterior part of the
Grangestone - Feb.92, 2 small grabs at each ofStns. 1, prostomium is diagnostic for this species. Although
2, 3, 5, 6, 7 (with 60, 8, 1,2, 13, 4 specimens), Apr.92, SEPA records are few, Tebble & Chambers (1982)
3 sediment cores at each ofStns. A2,B2,C2 (with 4,1,3 describe it as common in Scottish waters.
specimens), Campbeltown Loch - Jan.Ol, 8 at Stn. 10,
5 at Stn. 11,Nov.04, 1 at Stn. 10. Antinoellafinmarchica (Malmgren, 1867)
Inner Firth of Clyde, Cloch Point - Apr.04, 1 at Stn.
The prongworm, P. remota, is readily recognisable by CMT7.
its prominent antennae which resemble the prongs ofa
hay-fork. It is known from shallow sublittoral sandy The single specimen comprises an anterior fragment
sediments around the British Isles including the 4mm long (for 10 setigers) retaining only one anterior
50
scale. This specimen was referred to A. finmarchica typical. The presence of quadrefid or quinquefid
(S m. A. sarsi) by S. Chambers although some tubercles on the elytra can lead to some initial
3
confusion remains about the status ofthis species. In confusion with Harmothoe antilopes. Juvenile
Scottish waters it is known only from Loch Etive and Harmothoe impar which have only a few weakly
theFirthofLome. bidentate neurochaetae may also be confused with G.
cirrhosa (which has unidentate neurochaetae only). G.
Enipo elisabethaeMcIntosh, 1900 cirrhosa appears to harbour more than its fair share of
Irvine Bay - Sep.89, 1 at Stn. C (confirmed by S. parasites andcommensal epizoans (see below).
Chambers), 1 at Stn. R2, Aug.95, 1 at Stn. I.
These are the first confirmed records from the Clyde Harmothoeantilopes McIntosh, 1876
SeaArea. Cloch Point- Apr.05, Feb.07, Irvine Bay - Sep. 89, Ayr
Bay " Sep. 81 (conf. S.Chambers), Garroch Head -
Emipo kmbergiM.Amffe.li, 1865 Nov. 2000, Kilbrannan Sound -Nov.04.
Greenock: Ironotter Point - May 89, 1 at Stn. B2, 1 at
Stn. FI, Firth ofClyde = Juii.07 - 1 at East ofToward Theprostomial peaks are poorly developed and maybe
Point (UIFM2), Irvine Bay - Sep.79, 1 at Stn. H difficult to discern. Howeverthe floret tubercles on the
(deposited Nat. Mus. Scot. 1995), Apr.05, 1 at Stn. H, scales help distinguish this species. Although the
Rothesay-Jun.09, 1 atCreamery Stn. 100ms. tubercles on G. cirrhosa are quite similar, it has well
developed prostomial peaks, only unidentate
These two Enipo species are very similar with only the neurochaetae, and both stout and capillarynotochaetae.
occurrence ofsome bidentate neurochaetae in anterior In Scottish waters H. antilopes is known from the
setigers separating them. In E. elisabethae the Outer Hebrides and the Moray Firth. There are no
neuropodia offirst 20 or so parapodia each have about previous records from the Clyde Sea Area although it
a dozen strongly bifid chaetae and just a few chaetae does occurnearbyin the Irish Sea.
with finely pointed tips. In E. kmbergi ail the
neurochaetae have finelypointed tips. The chaetae tips Harmothoeextenuata (Grube, 1840)
are often covered with detritus or broken making Cloch Point - Mar.96, 1 at Stn.CMT7 (conf
specific confirmation difficult. However, prior to S.Chambers), Port Glasgow - Jun.Ol, 3 at Stn. 18
Tebble & Chambers (1982), the standard text used to miles.
identify British scaleworm polychaetes (Fauvel, 1923)
did not recognise E. elisabethae as a separate species This species is widely distributed on Scottish shores.
and consequently its occurrence has probably been The key in Tebble & Chambers (1982) highlighted the
overlooked. Previous confirmed records for E. lack of scales on posterior segments. However the
elisabethae are only from St. Andrews (the type posteriorportions ofscaleworms fixed in formaldehyde
locality) and Loch Glencoul, North West Scotland (see are often broken off The key in Chambers & Muir
McIntyre, 1961). E. kmbergi was confirmed from the (1997) focuses on features ofthe scales themselves but
Clyde SeaAreabyTebble & Chambers (1982). H. extenuata may still be confused withH. impar. For
these reasons H. extenuata has probably been under-
Guttyana cirrhma (Pallas, 1766) recorded in SEPAsurveys.
Loch Eil - Aug.Ol, North Loch Linnhe - May 02, Lynn
of Lome: Sound of Shuna - Jun.92, Loch Creran: HarmothoefragilisMoore, 1910
Barcaldine - Jun.97, South Shian - Aug.Ol, Mull: Loch Ryan -Jul.08, 1 at Stn. WQ7.
Fishnish Bay - Jun.90, Scallastle Bay =• Jun.94,
Tobermory Bay - Aug.Ol, Loch Sween = Jun.90, Loch The single specimen which had retained only a single
Craignish - Jun.90, Loch Fyne: Meall Mhor - Aug.93, scale with macrotubercies was determined by S.
Greenock: Ironotter Point - Apr.92, May 95, May 98, Chambers. In European waters H. fragilis is
Gareloch - Oct.98, Holy Loch - Apr.92, Cloch Point - previously known only from the Skagerrak and offthe
Aug.93, Mar.96, Apr.99, May 2000, Apr.04, May 06, Isle of Man. The specimen above is the first from
Jun.07, North ofCumbrae - Aug.93, Mar.02, Rothesay Scottish waters. However, as this species is easily
- Jun.Ol, Irvine Bay - Sep.89, Oct.92, Aug.95, Apr.99, confused with H. impar, it may have previously been
Oct.99, May 2000, Apr.Ol, Oct.03, Jun.06, Ayr Bay - overlooked and is probably more widespread than the
Sep.89, Girvan - Aug. 2000, Campbeltown Loch - few records suggest. Some question remains over the
Jan.Ol,Nov.04, LochRyan - Oct.94, Aug.97, Aug.04. validity of this taxon in European waters as few
specimens have been examined. A more detailed re-
G. cirrhosa is widely distributed in Scottish waters. description is required to help properly distinguish it
Although described by Clark (1960) as “not common” from//, impar(S. Chamberspers.comm. 2008).
in the Clyde Sea Area, SEPA surveys suggest this is
one of the commonest species of sublittoral Harmothoeimbricata (Linnaeus, 1767)
scaleworms. Clark’s (1960) referral to second Loch Creran: South Shian - Aug.Ol, Loch Fyne: Meal
''Gattyana sp. ” in Clyde waters has never been Mhor - 1989 on oysters, Rothesay - Jun.Ol, Irvine Bay
substantiated and is likely to be erroneous. The scale - Sep.81, Oct.87, (conf S.Chambers), Jun.06,
colouration of G. cirrhosa with the central dark spot Campbeltown - Nov.04, Aug.94, Loch Ryan - Oct.91,
&
(see front cover ofTebble Chambers, 1982) is quite Oct.94, Nov.96, Sep.99.
51
Chambers. In Scottish waters H. spinifera is known
One ofthe commonest scaleworms on Scottish shores. only from Shetland. Clark’s (1960) record from the
Chambers & Muir (1997) do not illustrate the Clyde Sea Area was referred to Harmothoe
macrotubercles which may occur in this species. The (Malmgrenia) furcosetosa by Tebble & Chambers
specimens from Loch Fyne have rows of cylindrical (1982). The newrecord here indicates thatH. spinifera
macrotubercles along the edge of their scales (Fig.l), does indeed occur in the Clyde Sea Area but it does not
similar to those depicted by Jirkov (2001, p.l56). appeartobe common.
Bamich & Fiege (2000) also show macrotubercles on
H. imbricatabut with pointed (notrounded) tips. Lepidonotussquamatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Loch Creran: South Shian - Aug.Ol, Port Glasgow -
H
armothoeimpar{iohnsion, 1839) Apr.93, Greenock: Ironotter Point - Apr.92, May 95,
Loch Creran; Barcaldine - Jul.99, South Shian - Cloch Point - May 2000, Apr.04, Rothesay Jun.Ol,
Aug.01(conf S.Chambers), Mull: Tobermory Bay - Irvine Bay - Sep.89, Aug.95, Loch Ryan - Sep.90,
Aug.Ol, Sound of Jura - May 06, Jun.07, Greenock: Oct.91, Sep.92, Oct.93, Oct.94, Nov.95, Nov.96,
Ironotter Point - May 89, Apr.92, May 95, Gareloch - Aug.97, Aug. 2000.
Oct.98(conf S.Chambers), Cloch Point - Apr.93,
Mar.96, May 2000, Apr.04, Irvine Bay - Sep.81 (conf A common species in Scottish coastal waters. The
S.Chambers), Sep.89, Oct.90, Oct.92, Aug.94, Aug.95, number and form of the scales make this one of the
Oct.98, Oct.03, Nov.04 (conf S.Chambers), Jun.06 easiest ofscaleworms to identify.
Ayr Bay - Sep.89, Kilbrannan Sound-Nov.04, Girvan
- Aug.98, Aug. 2000, Oct.02, Campbeltown Loch - Malmgrenia andreapolis McIntosh, 1874
Jan.Ol, Nov.04 (conf S.Chambers), Loch Ryan - North Loch Linnhe - May 02, Irvine Bay - Sep.81,
Aug.04. Sep.89, Aug.95, Apr.99, Apr.Ol, Mar.02, Oct.03,
Apr.04, Nov.04, Apr.05, Garroch Head - Nov.04,
Although H. impar is common on Scottish shores and Kilbrannan Sound - Nov.04, Campbeltown Loch -
is already known from the Clyde Sea Area, it is easily Jan.Ol.
confused with other scaleworms. Juveniles can be
confused with G. cirrhosa, while mature specimens This species, which often has a conspicuous dark ring
can be also confused with H. extenuata or H. fragilis pattern on the scales (Fig. 4), is sometimes confused
which have similar macrotubercles on the scales. It is with M. arenicolae and M. marphysae which may be
possible that some of the records above may actually similar in appearance. In Scottish waters M.
refer to these latter species. Bamich & Fiege (2000) andreapolis is known from St. Andrews, Fife, and the
suggested that grouping of the microtubercles on Clyde. According to Chambers «fe Muir (1997) it may
mounds on the scales ofH. imparmay help distinguish inhabit the burrows ofSea Cucumbers {Labidoplax and
it from other Harmothoe species where the Leptosynapta). Although the routine sieving of mud
microtubercles are individually isolated. However samples would break up holothurian burrows and
grouping of the microtubercles does not appear to be separate any scaleworms, in all of the above surveys
obvious in ScottishH. imparmaterial. these holothurians were frequently found in the sieve
residue ofsame samples as M. andreapolis.
HarmothoepagenstecheriMichaelsen, 1896
Cumbrae: Ballochmartin Bay -Nov.90. Malmgrenia arenicolae (Saint-Joseph, 1888)
Greenock: Ironotter Point - Apr.92 (conf. S.
Around a dozen large specimens (2-3cm long) were Chambers), Cloch Point - May 2000, Rothesay -
collected from “clam spat bags”. H. pagenstecheri is Jun.Ol, Irvine Bay - Aug.95, Oct.03, Girvan - May 01
unmistakeable with the enlarged ornate macrotubercles (coll. J. Hunter), Oct.02, Campbeltown - Jan.Ol(conf
on the scales (Figs. 2, 3). It was previously considered S.Chambers), Nov.04.
a variety ofH. impar until Chambers & Muir (1997)
recognised its status as a distinct species. Hence some This andtheprMeceding species havepreviouslybeen
old published records of H. impar may include H. confused with lunulata which appears to be
pagenstecheri. It has not been recovered in routine restrictedto the Mediterranean (Bamich & Fiege,
grab sampling and thus does not seemto be common in 2001). The first confirmed finds fromthe Clyde Sea
the Clyde Sea Area. However it may perhaps be more Areaoriginate from Clark& Dawson (1963) underthe
prevalent on hard substrates which have been rarely name "HarmothoejoubinH. Elsewhere in Scotland it
sampled forthis study. hasbeen confirmed from St. Andrewsbut is likelyto
be more widespread. M. arenicolae is known to
Harmothoespinifera (Ehlers, 1864) inhabitburrows ortubes ofpolychaetes such as
Loch Ryan-Aug.97, 3 at Stn. 7. Arenicolamarina orNeoamphitritefignlus. One ofthe
Irvine Bay -Jun.06, 1 at Stn. 5. above specimens, collected from Irvine Bayin 1995,
was found inside the tube ofa Sand Mason worm
The material from Loch Ryan was not retained and the {Laniceconchilega), while anotherfrom Ironotter
identity was not confirmed. The single specimen from Point in 1998 was found inthe tube ofAmphitrite
Irvine Bay comprised an anterior portion with two cirrata. These latter scaleworms are deposited in the
scales (now detached) and was confirmed by S. National Museum ofScotland (NMSZ.1998.063).
52
Malmgremia cmtamea McIntosh, 1876 The records above suggest M. marphysae is widely
SoundofJura-Aug.10, 1 atStn. 10kmW. of distributed in south west Scotland, although Chambers
BellochantuyBay(conf. S.Chambers). & Muir (1982) cited it only from Loch Eil. ItMis
possible that some ofthe records here may refer to
M
In Scottish waters castanea ispreviouslyknown arenicolae with which it may be confused. M.
onlyfrom Shetlandandthe MorayFirth. It isvery marphysae is known to associate with a variety oftube
M
similarto arenicolae. Theyare distinguishedbythe dwelling orburrowing invertebrates.
M
secondarytoothonthe neurochaeta. In arenicolae
thetoothis conspicuous, while inM castanea the Malmgrenia mcintosMTebble & Chambers5 1982
toothis considerablereducedandoften difficultto Greenock: Ironotter Point - May 95, 1 at C750, 2 at
discern(see Figs. 45 and49, Tebble & Chambers Stn. H750, Irvine Bay - Oct.98, 1 at Stn. 28, Jun.06, 2
1982). at Stn. 9a, Girvan - May 01 (several collected by J.
Hunter), Girvan - Sep.05, 2 at Grant’s Stn. 10 (conf.
Malmgremiafurcmetosa Losharmi, 1981 S.Chambers).
Loch Eii - Aug.Ol, Greenock: Ironotter Point - Apr.92
(conf. S.Chambers), May98, The anterior fold on the scales of M. mcintoshi
Irvine Bay - Sep.89, Oct.92, Sep.98, Oct.98 (conf. provides an excellent diagnostic feature. M.
S.Chambers). mcintosM was only recognised as a distinct species
by Tebble & Chambers (1982). Initially It was only
M
furcosetosa was only recognised as a species in confirmed from the Shetlands and the Isle of Man,
1981, characterised by its fiircate notosetae. However but Chambers and Muir (1997) extended its known
as the chaetal tips are sometimes covered in detritus it distribution to the Clyde Sea Area (including some
is easy to confuse with other Malmgrenia species. In of the records above), as well as to the Celtic Sea
Scottish waters it is known fromthe Firth ofClyde and and Galway Bay. The specimens from Irvine Bay
Loch Etive. Elsewhere it has been recognised from (Jun.06) had a conspicuous light-spotted pattern on
Plyniouthandthe Skagerrak. the scales (Fig. 5).
Malmgreniaglabra (Malmgren, 1865) Potynoescoiopemdrina Savigny, 1822
Sound of Jura - Jun.07, Greenock: Ironotter Point = Loch Ryan - Oct.94, 1 at Stn. 3, 2 at Stn. 4, Loch
Apr.92, Cloch Point - Apr.93, Apr.99 (conf. Creran: South Shian - Aug.Ol, 1 at Stn.5 (conf.
S.Chambers), Irvine Bay- Sep.89, Oct.92, Aug.95, Ayr S.Chambers).
Bay- Oct92, Oct.03, CampbeltownJan.Ol.
P. scolopendrina is usually recognised by the absence
Malmgremialjumgmami(Malmgren, 1867) of scales on the posterior of the body. Where the
Irvine Bay - Oct.03, 1 at Stn. IVS-iOOm E. (Conf. S. posterior is missing the species can be identified by its
Chambers) distinctive neurochaetal bundles which comprise 1 or 2
stoutunidentate chaetae (usuallyuppermost) andbelow
Chambers & Muir (1997) highlight the similarity ofM. this a number of slightly less robust chaetae with
M
glabraand Ijungmani andutilise the arrangement of clearly bidentate tips. P. scolopendrina is previously
the papillae on the margin of the scales and the known in Scottish waters from Loch Torridon, Loch
curvature ofthe lower neuropodial chaetae to separate Maddy in the Outer Hebrides, Loch Creran, and off
the two species. The shapes of the bifid tips of the Cumbrae inthe InnerFirthofClyde.
neuropodial chaetae, as shown in Tebble & Chambers
(1982), may also be a helpful character. In Scottish Family Acoetidae
M
waters glabra is known from thMe Firths of Clyde Panthalisoerstedi'KlvibQxg, 1855
and Forth and from St. Andrews. Ijungmani has LochEil = Jun. 2009, 2 at “Surveillance site”
been recorded from the Shetlands, the Outer Hebrides, Loch Linnhe -Aug. 2001, 1 at Stn. “Lismore Deep”.
and St. Andrews. Although only a single specimen of This large scaleworm is easily recognised by the
M
Ijungmani (3mm for 20 setigers) has been observed presence of brush-tipped chaetae and distinct pockets
in this study it has probably been overlooked due to on the outer margin of the scales. The above
confusionwithotherMalmgrenia species. specimens were around 8cm long and were each
recovered from a membranous tube in soft mud. P.
Malmgrenia marphysae (McIntosh, 1876) oerstedi is known from the Shetlands, Loch Nevis (see
Loch Creran: Barcaldine Jun.97, Aug.04, South Shian McIntyre, 1961), Loch Etive, Loch Fyne, and offArran
Aug.Ol, Greenock: Ironotter Point - May 89, Apr.92, in the Firth of Clyde. The L. Linnhe specimen is
May 95, May 98, Gareloch Oct.98, Cloch Point - deposited in the National Museum of Scotland
Apr.93, Apr.99, May 2000, Apr.04, Rothesay Jun.Ol, (NMSZ.2009.135.01).
Fairlie Dec.90, Irvine Bay - Sep.89, Oct.90, Oct.92
(conf. S.Chambers), Feb.93, Aug.94, Aug.95, Sep.98, Family Pholoidae
Oct.98, Apr.99, Oct.99, May 2000 Apr.Ol, Apr.03, Pholoe baltica Oersted, 1843 [as P. inornata Johnston,
Oct.03, Jun.06, Ayr Bay Sep.89, Girvan Apr.92 (conf. 1839 in Chambers & Muir, 1997]
S. Chambers), Aug.98, CampbeltownJan.Ol, Nov.04.
53
Loch Eil - Aug.Ol, North Loch Linnhe - Aug.02, Loch Family Sigalionidae
Creran: Barcaldine - Jul.99, Aug.Ol, Aug.04, South Sigalion mathiidae Audouin & Milne-Edwards in
Shian - Aug.Ol, Mull; Tobermory - Aug.Ol, Sound of Cuvier, 1830
Jura-Jun.07, Inner Firth ofClyde: Ardmore - Oct.98, Rothesay - Jun.Ol, Fairlie - Dec.90, Irvine Bay -
Gareloch Oct.98, Greenock: Ironotter Point - May 98, Sep.89, Oct.92, Aug.95, Oct.99, Ayr Bay - Sep.89,
Cloch Point - Apr.99, May 2000, Mar.02, Apr.03, Oct.92.
Apr.04, Apr.05, May 06, Feb.07, Rothesay - Jun.Ol,
Garroch Head - Nov.2000, Irvine Bay - Sep.98, Oct.98, A widespread species on Scottish shores. The bipinnate
Oct.99, Apr.03, Oct.03, Apr.04, Nov.04, Apr.05, papillae on the scales make this an easy species to
Jun.06, Kilbrannan Sound -Nov.04, Girvan - Aug. 98, identifyalthough a similar species, S. squamosum, with
Aug. 2000, Oct.02, Campbeltown Jan.Ol, Nov.04, fewer pinnules is also now confirmed from North Unst
Loch Ryan - Aug.04. and the Shetlands (Chambers & Muir, 1997).
Pholoeinornata Johnston, 1839 [as P. synophthalmica Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833)
Claparede, 1868 in Chambers & Muir, 1997] Sound ofJura - Jun.07, Rothesay - Jun.Ol, Irvine Bay -
Loch Eil - Aug.Ol, North Loch Linnhe - May 02, Loch Sep.89, Feb.93, Jun.06, Girvan - Aug.98, Aug.2000,
Creran: Barcaldine - Jul. 99, Aug.Ol, Aug.04, South Campbeltown Jan.Ol, Loch Ryan - Oct.91, Oct.93,
Shian - Aug.Ol, Mull: Tobermory - Aug.Ol, Greenock: Nov.96, Aug.97, Sep.99, Aug.2000, Aug.04.
Ironotter Point - May 98, Gareloch - Oct.98, Rothesay
Jun.Ol, Garroch Head - Nov.04, Irvine Bay - Oct.98, Sthenelaislimicola (Ehlers, 1864)
Oct.99, Oct.03, Nov.04, Jun.06, Girvan - Aug.98, Loch Eil - Aug.Ol, Sound of Jura - May 06, Jun. 07,
Oct.02, Campbeltown - Jan.Ol, Nov.04, Loch Ryan - Greenock: Ironotter Point - May 89, Apr.92, North of
Sep.99, Aug.2000, Aug.04. Cumbrae - Mar.96, Cloch Point - Apr.Ol, Largs -
Dec.90. Irvine Bay - Sep.89, Oct.92, Aug.95, Sep.98,
There has been considerable nomenclatural confusion Oct.98, Oct.99, Oct.03, Nov.04, Ayr Bay - Sep.89,
regarding Pholoe species in UK waters. Chambers Oct.92, Kilbrannan Sound-Nov.04.
(1985) recognised only P. inornata and a new eyeless
species which she named P. pallida. In Chambers &
Muir (1997) a third species, P. synophthalmica, was Both the above Sthenelais species are widespread in
separated from P. inornata. The following year Scottish coastal waters. S. boa frequently has sand
Petersen (1998) reviewed the nearshore species of grains adhering to its scales. The notched posterior
Pholoe in Northern Europe recognising four valid scales in S. limicola act as a quick identification
Cspheacmibeserfsro&m MBruiitrish(19wa9t7e)rsw.as rTehfeerr“ePd. tionPo.rnabatlat"icoa,f ufenajtouirnet.edAsptihniyrdnsepuercoipeosd,iSa.lzcehtaleatnadei,cah,aswhbiecehnlraecckosrdtehde
whilst their “P. synophthalmica" was regarded as the from the Shetlands and also from the Irish Sea
true P. inornata Johnston, 1839. This latter view was (Chambers & Muir, 1997).
subsequentlyconfirmed by Bamich & Fiege (2003). In
addition Petersen resurrected another old species, P. New records of Parasitic Copepods from
assimilis Oersted, 1845, which is very similar to P. Scaleworms in the Clyde an Argyll Sea Area
inornata. The present note only includes records from Two quite different copepod families parasitise
1998 onwards as olderrecords maybe inaccurate. scaleworms (see Gotto, 2004). The Nereicolids,
represented by the genus Selioides, are moderately
Surprisingly Clark (1960) only has a single record of transformed ectoparasites with recognisable head and
Pholoe (as “P. minuta") from the Clyde Sea Area, body regions with cephalic appendages, including
while Clark & Dawson (1963) cite nine specimens conspicuous maxillipeds and two pairs of legs. The
fromMillport under the name “P. synophthalmica" and herpyllobiids, on the other hand are grossly
comment in detail on the nomenclatural confusion. transformed mesoparasites with the female divided into
-
Comely (1973) describes “P. minuta form two body regions: an irregular shaped endosomal
synophthalmica Claparede” as frequent at Toment End, portion inside the host and attached by a stalk to a
Cumbrae. ItPis evident from the numerous records here globular exosomal portion outside the host which is
that both baltica and P. inornata are widely devoid ofany appendages. The only indication oftheir
distributed in the Clyde & Argyll Sea Area. They copepodan nature is the presence of a pair of large
frequently occur in the same survey areas and ovisacs in ovigerous females or the attachment of
sometimes in the same grab samples. The length ofthe dwarfed male copepodites to the female genital area.
papillae on the scales helps distinguish them. P. The Herpyllobiids were studied in some detail in a
assimilis has not yet been found in the Clyde Sea Area series ofpapersby Lutzen (1964, 1966, 1968).
though it has recently been found in Scottish waters at
Kingstone Hudds in the Firth of Forth (Lee Heaney, New records of parasitic copepods associated with
SEPA South East Area, pers comm.). However, as P. individual scaleworm specimens collected in the area
inornata and P. assimilis are very similar, it is possible are citedbelow:
that the occurrence of the latter species has been
overlooked.
54
.
(a) Irvine Bay (1981?), Stn. R2 - G. cirrhosa with a from a single Day Grab sample. Until now E.
single juvenile Selioides bocqueti Carton, 1963, tmncatum has only been observed in Scandinavian
attached to the dorsum at setiger 8/9. The juvenile waters and the above specimens represent the first
copepod is 0.35mm long and resembles the copepodite confirmed records from British waters. A subsequent
“Stage A” figured by Carton (1964). Remnants of a find of an ovigerous E. tmncatum from G. cirrhosa
large pair of copepod maxillipeds embedded on the collected in the East Shetland Basin was recently
dorsum of the same scaleworm, just behind the presented to the author (Fig.7). Note that the reference
prostomium, indicate an adult female copepod had also in Chambers & Muir (1997) to E. tmncatum from
beenattached. Plymouth is erroneous.
S. bocqueti has been recorded in the southern Irish Sea (e) Garroch Head, Nov.2000, Stn.T7 - H. antilopes
(O’Reilly, 1995) and offthe coast ofNorthumberland with an ovigerous female Herpyllobim polynoes
(O’Reilly & Geddes, 2000). A similar species, S. (Kroyer, 1863), attachedto its prostomium. Inaddition
bolbroei Levinsen, 1878 was reported from Loch Fyne to the record (see (d) above) from G. cirrhosa this
by Scott in 1901 (under the name Cancerina confmd). copepod has also been observed attached to G.
Scott’s single female specimen was found among cirrhosa fromthe Firth ofForth (see O’Reilly, 1999).
dredgedebris, detached fromanyhost.
M
(f) Irvine Bay, Sep.1981, Stn. H - specimen of
In June 1986, two specimens ofS. bolbroei (an adult andreapolis with an ovigerous female copepod,
and ajuvenile female) were recovered by M.O’Reilly referred to Herpyllobim polynoes (Kroyer, 1863),
attached to a G. cirrhosa collected from, off St. Abbs attached to its prostomium. This specimen is
(Stn. 27) in the Firth of Forth. The adult female illustrated, in-situ in Figure 34, of Chambers & Muir
specimen is illustrated in-situ inFigure 20 ofChambers (1997). Since then three specimens of this copepod
& Muir (1997). There are no other records of S. have been collected on M. andreapolis from the same
bolbroei in British waters, but it is also known from locality in Irvine Bay. These included another
Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, Canada, and ovigerous female in April 2001 and an ovigerous
the Kara Sea(see Bresciani, 1967). female and a mature female on a single host in April
2005. Provisional examination of these copepods and
M
(b) Irvine Bay Sep. 87, Stn. Z - G. cirrhosa with 2 similar copepods on andreapolis in the Firth of
ovigerous female Herpyllobim arcticus Steenstrup & Forth, the Solway Firth, and the Irish Sea suggests that
Lutken, 1861, onposteriorparapodia. the ectosomal body shape differs somewhat from H.
polynoes and may represent a new species particularto
This copepod may have previously been recorded in this host. This will be the subject of a subsequent
the Clyde Sea Area by Clark (1960), under the name study.
“Hedyphanella superbd\ on the dorsum of a G.
cirrhosa specimen from Etterick Bay. However see New records of entoprocts and other epizoans
note (d) below for a possible alternative identification. associated with Scaleworms in the Clyde and Argyll
Clark’s simultaneous reference to a parasitic copepod Sea Area
attached to the prostomium ofthe same host specimen Records from individual scaleworm specimens are
undoubtedly refers to Herpyllobim polynoes (Kroyer, citedbelow:
1863)which exclusivelyattaches inthis location.
a) Garroch Head Sewage Sludge disposal grounds,
(c) Cloch Point, May 2007, Stn. CMT7 “ G. cirrhosa 1971 - Gattyana cirrhosa with 25 entoprocts,
with 1 ovigerous female Eurysilenium tmncatum Loxosomella compressa Nielsen & Ryland, 1961 on
M.Sars, 1870 (with 2 dwarfmales attached to female chaetae (Fig. 8).
copepod), on posterior dorsum (setiger 22) of b) Irvine Bay, Sep.89 - G. cirrhosa with 13 entoprocts,
scalewormhost(Fig. 6) Loxosomella harmeri (Schultz, 1895) and 2 stalked
ciliate colonies (cylindrical colony shape resembling
(d) Cloch Point, May 2007, Stn. CMT7 ~ G. cirrhosa Zoothamnium niveum) on scales and 20 entoprocts,
with 1 mature female Eurysilenium tmncatum M.Sars, Loxosomella compressa Nielsen & Ryland, 1961 on
1870 (with 1 dwarfmale attached to female copepod), chaetae.
on posterior dorsum (setiger 19) of scaleworm host. c) Irvine Bay, Aug.91, Stn.Z - G. cirrhosa with 8
This scaleworm also had 2 immature female hydroid polyps, Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823)
Herpyllobius polynoes attached to the prostomium onposteriorscales.
resembling the example ofdouble parasitism described d) Irvine Bay, Aug.95 Stn.H - G. cirrhosa with 20
by Clark (see (b) above). It is possible that Clark’s entoprocts, Loxosomella harmeri (Schultz, 1895), and
"‘‘Hedyphanella superba” on the dorsum of Gattyana 15 stalked ciliate colonies, resembling Zoothamnium
may actually have been E. truncatum (rather than H. niveum, (Fig. 9) onscales.
arcticus) as the two species are very similar in e) Loch Eil, Jun.09, Surveillance site - 3 entoprocts,
appearance. Loxosomella glandulifera Franzen, 1962 recovered
fromwithin the tube ofPanthalis oerstedii.
The two scaleworms from Cloch Point parasitized by
E. tmncatum (and H. polynoes) were both collected
55
'
Entoprocts and other small epizoans are generally It appears that the sea mouse is infested only in areas
|
over-looked and under-recorded by marine ecologists. with muddy bottoms and Latham suggests that the
I
Loxosoma compressa is known to attach to the chaetae hydroid planula larvae utilise the bristles of the sea
ofa variety ofpolynoid scaleworms (and is also found mouse as an appropriate settlement location in an area
i
within Chaetopterus tubes) in British waters otherwise devoid of hard substrata. Stechow (1929)
i
(Cullercoats and the Isle of Man) as well as Norway and Leloup (1934) highlight a variety ofhydroids and j
and Denmark. L. harmeri has a rather similar other epizoa fromA.aculeata although ofthe hydroids
distribution and occurs on the elytra, antennae, and only the athecate species L. octona and Hydractinia
cirri ofpolynoid scaleworms (and also in Chaetopterus borealis (Mayer, 1900) (see Schuchert 2008 for \
and Amphitrite tubes). The entoproct Loxosomella synonymy) seem to occurregularly.
glandulifera is previously known only from the
Skagerrak and the Kattegat and is newly recorded from Records ofT. pedicellata are rather scarce and it is not j
British waters. It attaches to the filaments on the inside previously known from A. aculeata. Its congener
ofits hosts tube. It can be quite difficult to find among Triticella Jlava Dalyell, 1848, which occurs on the ^
the tube filaments and the tube was stained in Rose burrowing shrimp Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846, is ,
Bengal solution in order to help highlight any perhaps better known and has been observed by us on
entoprocts present. The hydroid Leuckartiara octona C. macandreae from Irvine Bay and from Nephrops
and ciliate colonies, such as Zoothamnium sp., are norvegicus collectednearRothesay.
widely distributed and can be found on a variety of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS j
substrates.
We are grateful to SEPA colleagues Jeni Boyle, Kirsty |
s
New records of entoprocts and other epizoans Bauros, and Shelley Reed for recovery of scaleworm
i|
associated with the sea mouse (Aphrodita aculaeta) specimens from SEPA surveys. Thanks are due to
'j
in the Clyde and Argyll Sea Area Julian Hunter (Hunter Biological) for kindly supplying
M !
In April 2009 during a fish trawling survey in the some material of arenicolae and M. mcintoshi and
Gareloch ten adult sea mice were collected to search to David Hall (Unicomarine Ltd.) who reviewed some
for associated epizoa. The sea mice ranged in size ofthe identifications as part ofSEPA’s participation in
from 6.5 to 9cm long and were preserved in the NMBAQC Scheme (www.nmbaqcs.org). In
formosaline before return to the laboratory for particular we would like to recognise the assistance of
microscopical examination. The ventral sole, Susan Chambers (National Museum ofScotland) who,
parapodia, and lateral masses ofspines and hairs were over a number of years, has confirmed (or corrected)
checked for epizoans. The dorsal hair mass was cut many of our scaleworm identifications. The specimen
open along the midline to reveal the large scales and of Eurysilenium truncatum from Shetland was
the galleries beneath the scales were searched. presented by Peter Garwood (Identichaet, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne).
Although Neilsen (1989) highlights three different
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(1)
(2)
(3)
Plate 1
(4)
Harmothoe imbricata - showing cylindrical
.
macrotubercles on posterioredge ofscales.
(5)
. Harmothoe pagenstecheri - showing antler-like
m(6a)crotubercles on posterioredge ofscales.
Harmothoe pagenstecheri - showing ovoid
.
macrotubercles onposterioredge ofscales.
(7)
Malmgrenia andreapolis - showing conspicuous
.
darkringpattern on scales.
(8)
Malmgrenia mcintoshi - showing conspicuous
.
light-spottedpattern on scales.
(9)
Parasitic copepod, Eurysilenium truncatum,
.
ovigerous female attached to G. cirrhosa from off
Cloch Point in the Firth ofClyde (Ov.= Ovisac, Co.=
Copepod).
(10)
Parasitic copepod, Eurysilenium truncatum,
.
ovigerous female attached to G. cirrhosa from East
Shetland Basin (Ov.= Ovisacs, Co.= Copepod).
. Entoproct, Loxosomella compressa (= L.c.),
attached to neurochaeta of G. cirrhosa from Garroch
Head disposal grounds.
. Ciliate colonies, Zoothamnium niveuml, attached
to scales ofG. cirrhosa from Irvine Bay.
Small athecate hydroid from sole ofAphrodita
.
aculeata, collected in the Gareloch.
58