Table Of ContentNEW INTERPRETATIONS
ON
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
R.JEYA KUMAR
2
CONTENTS
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................7
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER-I............................................................................................................................11
DARK AGES .......................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER-II ...........................................................................................................................22
GENERAL THEORIES AND CONCEPTS ..................................................................................22
CHAPTER-III ..........................................................................................................................41
GENETIC ARCHAELOGY ....................................................................................................41
CHAPTER-IV..........................................................................................................................48
ORIGIN OF INDO-EUROPEANS............................................................................................48
Chapter-V.............................................................................................................................62
MINOAN CIVILIZATION ......................................................................................................62
CHAPTER-VI..........................................................................................................................71
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MEGALITHIC CIVILISATION.................................................................................................71
CHAPTER-VII.........................................................................................................................80
SUMERIAN CIVILISATION ...................................................................................................80
CHAPTER-VIII ........................................................................................................................95
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION ..............................................................................................95
CHAPTER-IX ........................................................................................................................ 110
INTERPRETATIONS OF MIDDLE EASTERN SEALS................................................................. 110
CHAPTER- X ........................................................................................................................ 120
ASTRONOMY AND CALENDAR.......................................................................................... 120
CHAPTER-XI ........................................................................................................................ 134
NAVAGRAHAS................................................................................................................. 134
CHAPTER-XII ....................................................................................................................... 142
INTERPRETATION OF INDUS SYMBOLS ............................................................................. 142
CHAPTER- XIII ..................................................................................................................... 160
VEDIC PERIOD .................................................................................................................... 160
Figure 1: Geb and Nut ...........................................................................................................36
Figure 2: Depiction of Kalan dignified and original ..................................................................37
Figure 3: Depiction of Kalan...................................................................................................38
Figure 4: Funeral Jars or storage jars? ....................................................................................69
Figure 5: Dolmen ..................................................................................................................72
Figure 6: Ziggurat..................................................................................................................90
Figure 7: Marduk killing vritra. ...............................................................................................93
Figure 8: Marduk priest. ........................................................................................................94
Figure 9: Great bath. ........................................................................................................... 100
Figure 10: Goat seal. ........................................................................................................... 102
Figure 11: Naked Goddess. .................................................................................................. 112
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Figure 12: Centaurs of Three big cultures ............................................................................. 115
Figure 13: Water carrier. ..................................................................................................... 117
Figure 14: Indus seal - unicorn ............................................................................................. 118
Figure 15: Planetary positions as per Hindu temple............................................................... 137
Figure 16: Planet chart (or) Horoscope. ................................................................................ 138
Figure 17, Inanna fighting animals ....................................................................................... 149
Figure 18: The Goat seal...................................................................................................... 150
Figure 19, Yogi Seal. Figure 20, Orion and surrounding constellations. ................................... 151
Figure 21, Hunter on tree. (Indus seal depiction) .................................................................. 153
Figure 22, Orion and Canis Major constellations. .................................................................. 153
Figure 23: Sign of double axe............................................................................................... 154
Map 1: Human migration routes............................................................................................12
Map 2: Proposed Saraswati River valley .................................................................................30
Map 3: Migration direction of Anatolian farmers ....................................................................49
Map 4: IE Migration as per Renfrew hypothesis. .....................................................................50
Map 5: IE migration as per Kurgan hypothesis. ......................................................................51
Map 6: Map of Crete and Santorini. .......................................................................................64
Map 7 , Megalithic Architecture – Spread...............................................................................75
Map 8: Map of Sumeria.........................................................................................................81
Map 9: Extent of Indus valley civilisation ................................................................................98
Map 10: Sky map ................................................................................................................ 122
Table 1: Human migration details ..........................................................................................14
Table 2: Evolution of man and different metal ages ................................................................26
Table 3: General chronology..................................................................................................28
Table 4: Minoan chronology .................................................................................................63
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Table 5: Sumerian chronology ...............................................................................................82
Table 6: Analysis of symbols as per Hemtun ........................................................................ 116
Table 7: Jyotish Wheel. ....................................................................................................... 132
Table 8: Details of Horoscope chart ..................................................................................... 140
Table 9: Vedic chronology ................................................................................................... 162
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DEDICATION
He not only guided me like the North Star,
but he was the boat, on which I sailed;
and crossed the sea of life.
She was not only the paddle,
which helped me through the ocean;
but she was the life jacket,
which assured me that
I was not alone in this world.
This book is dedicated to my father, Late Shri Ramasamy, who had inspired
me to take up the civil service job. His suggestion that study of history is an
integral part of civil service examination had resulted in my eternal love for this
subject. He had also opened my eyes to a never-ending source of literature, which
has become my hobby as well as the guiding lamp in my life. In addition to that,
this book is further dedicated to my mother, Late Smt. Andal, who had nursed her
hopes on our success in life through education and sustained it with lots of
sacrifice throughout her life.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is important that a proper acknowledgement is written after completion
of the book. Earlier, I used to find it amusing the way authors used to make praises
of their wives and family members for their support and patient bearing of the
difficulties. Now, after attaining maturity on the ways of life and the experience of
writing a book; I realise that writing a book is a long term effort and it materialises
because of proper understanding among family members. I am grateful to my wife
Shobana for patiently listening to my new theories and ideas on Indus culture. She
also helped me by teaching, ‗how to handle the MS-Word programme‘. My thanks
are due to my daughter Krishna Priya for helping me out through various
intricacies of GIMP-2 programme (Image manipulation programme). I am highly
indebted to all my family members who had been helpful to me in numerous ways,
which will need lot of space and time to list out. If I start narrating their help and
my indebtedness to them, major portion of this book will go towards writing my
family history. Hence I restrict myself with the statement that without the love and
affection of my family members this work could not have succeeded at all.
I am highly indebted to shri A.Selvaraj IRS (Rtd. CCIT) and shri M.Ravi
IPS; for their lifelong support and their moral support during this period. I am
equally grateful to shri R.C. Mishra IRS for his silent support, and policy of
allowing freedom of expression. I am thankful to Shri Balachandran and Shri
Bharathi Bhaskaran for their editing work of this book, without which it could not
be published in this short time schedule. I am thankful to Shri Srinivasan, for his
timely help in correcting the manuscripts, and patiently listening to various
theories of mine on Indus valley Civilisation.
The other most important help I have taken is from Wikipedia, the free
encyclopaedia. Major portion of the basic facts are from Wikipedia and I found
that this it was exceedingly helpful in presenting facts and stitching together many
facts on basic issues. If at all any mistakes in basic facts are there, they may be due
to the inaccuracies in Wikipedia. But generally I find that facts are properly
presented and internet vandals have not taken an upper hand on Wikipedia.
Next in order is GIMP-2 programme. It is again a free programme from
GNOME project, and all the figures in this book are drawn using this image
manipulation programme. The figures in this book make it lively and easy to
understand. My heartfelt thanks are due to these noble personalities who have
developed and sustaining Wikipedia and GIMP programme. Without these
facilities this book would have died down in the conception stage itself.
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PREFACE
Before going into the nitty-gritty of this book, it is important to
introduce myself and my credentials to write on this topic. I did my graduation in
the subject of Agriculture at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
and post graduation from IARI, New Delhi. My only qualification in the field of
history subject is that I prepared for the history paper in Indian civil service
examination four times and secured good marks. I have been going through various
history books for the past 25 years as a hobby and find that it is the best way to
pass the time. Other than that I do not have any kind of professional qualification
in this field.
I came across the book ―The secrets of Crete‖ written by Wunderlich,
(Wunderlich, 1974), while I was preparing for civil service examination. I was
fascinated by the fact that many of the cultural traits attributed to Cretans were
similar to that of South Indian culture. I felt that definitely there was strong link
between India and Mediterranean region in the cultural aspects. I continued with
my search for cultural roots of Dravidians with that of Mediterranean cultures.
During the course of this search, I noticed the theory proposed by Wunderlich that
Cretan palace was a necropolis and not a palace for living people. This remarkable
insight made a deep impact in my mind, and I felt that it was the same occurrence
in Indus sites also, that these sites have been wrongly classified as mega polis,
whereas in reality they were only necropolis. I waited for some historian to come
out with a new insight on this issue, but unfortunately no one has come out with
this idea that these sites could be burial grounds. Finally I decided that the best to
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bring forth this theory should be through my own effort and time will tell how far
my theory was correct.
In addition to the above mentioned objective, this book is written
with two sections of people in mind. One is the student community, who are
preparing for civil service examination and the other one is the common Indian,
who is interested in developing a layman‘s view of Indian History and culture.
Further, the intention of this book is that there should be some clarity in
understanding our ancient legacy, so that we will be better prepared to meet the
future challenges as a nation as well as an individual. It is also important that we
should be able to understand the perplexing cultural traits and legacies of India to
survive and progress in this country. India is a cultural dinosaur, which somehow
escaped the fate of extinction. The British rule of India had saved the diversity of
this country and simultaneously saved Hinduism from demise. Had it been for the
Islamic rule without the interruption of British rule, Hinduism would have
vanished in India as it happened to the old pharaonic religion of Egypt. Many
Indians think that British rule was an unmitigated evil with out and kind of positive
influence, but I beg to differ. There are many good influences, which has resulted
in positive developments in India. Our effort must be to preserve the best of Hindu
culture and improve on it, so that our country can grow strong and healthy and
survive as a vibrant nation.
Even though I started this book with an aim to help a student whose
optional subject is history in civil service examination, but does not have a basic
idea about ancient Indian history. This book has taken such a course that many of
the issues are given totally different interpretation, and if any civil service aspirant
reproduces such views, most probably he will not get any mark. Still I hope that
this book will help him to understand some fundamental concepts about Indus
period and Vedic period and he will be able to get some foot-hold on this
subject. After getting some idea about the basic issues on Indus culture and Vedic
period, the civil service aspirant should expand his knowledge by studying various
books available on these topics. It is once again clarified that only standard views
expressed by established Historians will be accepted in civil service examination,
and these kinds of revolutionary ideas presented in this book will not fetch good
marks to the candidates.
Now the book has taken such a course that I have trespassed into the
domain of professional archaeologists and historians. I never had any such
intention to challenge any of the scholars in this field of history. Unfortunately, I
have become bogged down into the problems of the various unsettled issues in the
field of Indus civilisation and have to give reasonable explanations about various
issues. This process has forced me into various uncharted territories of ancient
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Indian history. I have tried to give proper citation to various points raised in this
book; where-ever it was available. I hope and pray that the scholars in this field
should take a lenient view and forgive me for any kind of mistake in this book.
It is important to understand various contributions made by
Archaeologists and Historians by learning about their life and achievements, and
develop a proper healthy respect for their efforts in this field, or for that matter in
any kind of field. It is not only developing a healthy respect for an individual, it
actually helps in understanding and remembering the subject. For example if a
student tries to remember various events and incidents that happened during the
time of independence movement, it will be really difficult task to remember those
events chronologically. The simplest way to understand and remember the
independence movement is to study the life history of Mahatma Gandhi. Life
history of Gandhi is totally linked to freedom movement; whatever happened in his
life is reflected in the freedom movement. Hence, the easiest way to remember
freedom movement is to remember life history of Gandhi. Any of the simple
biography available in the market will suffice, but the best option is to read his
auto biography, which is very easy to read but makes a deep impact on the mind.
Keeping in mind the above said principle, I have tried to give a
brief introduction about various important persons we come across in this book. I
hope you will enjoy and appreciate this effort. Any valuable suggestions of the
readers may kindly be sent to the e-mail address of mine;
[email protected].
- Author
