New Insights on the Peopling of the New World

175 Pages·2017·2.54 MB·English

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Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School
12-2012
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Barbara Kathleen Alsup
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss
Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons
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Alsup, Barbara Kathleen, "New Insights on the Peopling of the New World: Analysis of Migration Waves
and Ancestral Areas of the First Americans. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012.
https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1506
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee
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[email protected].
To the Graduate Council:
I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Barbara Kathleen Alsup entitled "New Insights
on the Peopling of the New World: Analysis of Migration Waves and Ancestral Areas of the First
Americans." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content
and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology.
Richard L. Jantz, Major Professor
We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance:
David G. Anderson, J.P. Dessel, Andrew Kramer
Accepted for the Council:
Carolyn R. Hodges
Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School
(Original signatures are on file with official student records.)
New Insights on the Peopling of the New World:
Analysis of Migration Waves and Ancestral Areas of the First
Americans
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A Dissertation Presented for
Doctor of Philosophy
Degree
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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Barbara Kathleen Alsup
December 2012
Acknowledgements

There are so many people who have made the completion of this
dissertation a possibility. First and foremost, I want to thank my husband, Jim.
We have navigated the difficulties of graduate school together and having
someone who understands this process has been invaluable to me. Additionally,
providing for our family in the past few years has allowed me to focus on my
research.
Dr. Richard Jantz has been a mentor to me throughout my entire graduate
career. He has taught me how to be an anthropologist and put up with my
moving (twice!) across the country as well as my constant emails. Dr. David
Anderson helped pique my interest in the peopling of the New World and always
reminded me that understanding this topic should always include information
from as many fields as possible. I want to thank Dr. Andrew Kramer for pushing
me in my prelims and for being an amazing and enthusiastic teacher, which I
strive to emulate in my career. Dr. J.P. Dessel, thank you for your enthusiasm for
my project and willingness to sit on my committee. I have been at UT for a long
time and have had the benefit of being surrounded by so many amazing
anthropologists, such as Drs. Ben Auerbach, Graciela Cabana, Joanne Devlin
(who was a supportive boss), Benita Howell, Lee Meadows Jantz (who has taken
care of me from the beginning), Walter Klippel, Mike Logan, Murray Marks,
Hector Qirko and Gerald Schroedl.
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I want to thank my “anthropology girls”: Angela Dautartas, Shauna
McNulty, Chris Pink and Miriam Soto. They have helped me in more ways that I
can describe and they are invaluable to me! I want to thank Kate Spradley and
Kate Driscoll, who have helped me better understand the fickle digitizer, which
played a large role in this dissertation. Natalie Shirley, one of my office mates,
was a great sounding board and motivator. I want to give a special thanks to all
the institutions that allowed me to collect data throughout the summer of 2011
(Florida State University, Peabody Museum, Miami University and Hamline
University). Thanks to all researchers who allowed me to use their
measurements when not possible for me to collect my own. These are cited
throughout the dissertation but particular thanks to Richard Jantz, WW Howells
and WA Neves.
Lastly, my parents provided me a strong foundation and supported me in
whatever I wanted to do. Most importantly, they never asked me “why aren’t you
done yet.” My brother, Dylan, thanks for letting me teach Jack when we were kids
--- who knew that would be the foundation of my teaching career. Lastly, Ethan
and Harper, I hope you will achieve whatever you want. I can’t wait to watch!
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Abstract

There is much debate regarding the ancestral area(s) and migration
patterns of the first migrants into the Americas, referred to here as
Paleoamericans. Using craniometric data of a comprehensive sample of
Paleoamericans, Archaic Americans and modern, worldwide populations, various
statistical analyses were conducted to further investigate these research
questions, such as principal component analysis, Mahalanobis squared distance
matrices and matrix permutation and design matrix analysis.
Most results indicate that the Single Wave model for movement into the
New World is best supported by this data. This finding is among the first in
providing craniometric support for a single wave into the New World, which
corresponds with findings in genetic research.
A definitive interpretation of ancestral area(s) of the Paleoamericans is not
provided by these results. The evidence leans towards either southeast
Asia/Pacific Rim or eastern Asia as the ancestral area for all geographic
groupings of Paleoamericans. Additionally, there are consistent phenotypic
connections between the North American Paleoamericans and modern,
European populations as well as between South American Paleoamericans and
modern, African populations. Whether this represents a true genotypic
connection between these areas is dependent on additional research in cranial
plasticity and modes of evolution within the Americas.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1!
CHAPTER TWO: BIODISTANCE ANALYSIS AND CRANIOMETRICS .............. 8!
CHAPTER THREE: PEOPLING OF THE NEW WORLD ................................... 20!
CHAPTER FOUR: MATERIALS ......................................................................... 31!
CHAPTER FIVE: METHODS .............................................................................. 49!
CHAPTER SIX: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................. 81!
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 109!
REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................... 113!
APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 138!
VITA ................................................................................................................... 165!

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List of Tables

Table 1: Paleoamerican sample details ...................................................................... 32!
Table 2: Archaic sample details ................................................................................... 44!
Table 3: Worldwide sample details .............................................................................. 45!
Table 4: Latitudes and longitudes for populations and groupings .......................... 47!
Table 5: Craniometric dimensions ............................................................................... 48!
Table 6: The geographic groupings of the Paleoamerican and Archaic individuals
................................................................................................................................... 53!
Table 7: Loadings of the first two principal components for the Paleoamerican
sample ...................................................................................................................... 82!
Table 8: Eigenvalues and Variance for Paleoamerican PCA .................................. 82!
Table 9: Group descriptive statistics for PCs calculated from individual
Paleoamerican data ............................................................................................... 84!
Table 10: Loadings of the first two principal components for the individual
Paleoamericans and Archaic Americans ............................................................ 86!
Table 11: Eigenvalues and Variance of PCA of Paleoamericans and Archaics .. 87!
Table 12: Group descriptive statistics for PCs calculated from individual
Paleoamericans and Archaics .............................................................................. 89!
Table 13: Loadings of the first two principal components for the individual
Paleoamerican and averaged Archaic and modern, worldwide samples ..... 91!
Table 14: Eigenvalues and Variances of PCA for individual Paleo, Archaic and
Worldwide samples ................................................................................................ 91!
Table 15: Eigenvalues and Variances of PCA of averaged Paleo, Archaic and
Worldwide ................................................................................................................ 96!
Table 16: Results derived from Mahalanobis distance matrix of individual
Paleoamerican, Archaic groupings and modern, worldwide populations .... 101!
Table 17: Results drawn from Mahalanobis squared distance matrix of
Paleoamerican and Archaic groupings and modern, worldwide populations
................................................................................................................................. 103!
Table 18: Results of Mantel tests between the full biological distance matrix and
three spatial matrices .......................................................................................... 105!
Table 19: Results of Mantel tests between the various biological distance
matrices and design matrices ............................................................................ 106!
Table 20: Single Wave 1 Design Matrix ................................................................... 140!
Table 21: Single Wave 2 Design Matrix ................................................................... 141!
Table 22: Single Wave 3 Design Matrix ................................................................... 142!
Table 23: Single Wave 4 Design Matrix ................................................................... 143!
Table 24: Two Components 1 Design Matrix .......................................................... 144!
Table 25: Two Components 2 Design Matrix .......................................................... 145!
Table 26: Two Components 3 Design Matrix .......................................................... 146!
Table 27: Two Components 4 Design Matrix .......................................................... 147!
Table 28: Two Components 5 Design Matrix .......................................................... 148!
Table 29: Two Components 6 Design Matrix .......................................................... 149!
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Table 30: Two Components 7 Design Matrix .......................................................... 150!
Table 31: Three Waves Design Matrix ..................................................................... 151!
Table 32: Recurrent Gene Flow 1 Design Matrix .................................................... 152!
Table 33: Recurrent Gene Flow 2 Design Matrix .................................................... 153!
Table 34: Recurrent Gene Flow 3 Design Matrix .................................................... 154!
Table 35: Means and Standard Deviations for All Population .............................. 156!
Table 36: Full Biological Distance Matrix ................................................................. 159!

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Single Wave 1 (SW1) connection scheme ................................................ 62!
Figure 2: Single Wave 2 (SW2) connection scheme ................................................ 63!
Figure 3: Single Wave 3 (SW3) connection scheme ................................................ 64!
Figure 4: Single Wave 4 (SW4) connection scheme ................................................ 66!
Figure 5: Two Components Model 1, 2 and 3 (TCM 1, 2 and 3) connection
scheme .................................................................................................................... 68!
Figure 6: Two Components Model 4 (TCM4) connection scheme ......................... 70!
Figure 7: Two Components Model 5 (TCM5) connection scheme ......................... 71!
Figure 8: Two Components Model 6 (TCM6) connection scheme ......................... 72!
Figure 9: Two Components Model 7 (TCM7) connection scheme ......................... 73!
Figure 10: Three Waves Model (TWM) connection scheme ................................... 74!
Figure 11: Recurrent Gene Flow model 1 (RGF1) connection scheme ................ 76!
Figure 12: Recurrent Gene Flow model 2 (RGF2) connection scheme ................ 77!
Figure 13: Recurrent Gene Flow model 3 (RGF3) connection scheme ................ 79!
Figure 14: PCA plot of first two PC scores for individual Paleoamericans ........... 83!
Figure 15: PCA plot of first and second PC scores of Paleoamerican and Archaic
individuals ................................................................................................................ 87!
Figure 16: PCA plot of first and second PC scores of individual Paleoamericans
and averaged Archaic and Worldwide groups ................................................... 92!
Figure 17: PCA plot of first and second PC scores of averaged Paleoamericans,
Archaics and Worldwide groups .......................................................................... 96!

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