New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics: From Research to Applications

126 Pages·2017·2.35 MB·English

by  Imad Al Kassaa (auth.)

Imad Al Kassaa
New Insights
on Antiviral
Probiotics
From Research to Applications
New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics
Imad Al Kassaa
New Insights on Antiviral
Probiotics
From Research to Applications
Imad   AL KASSAA
Laboratoire de Microbiologie Environnement et Santé (LMSE)
Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health
Lebanese University
Tripoli , Lebanon
ISBN 978-3-319-49687-0 ISBN 978-3-319-49688-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49688-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959215
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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I would like to thank all the authors who
took part in the success of this book, mainly
Dr. Mohammad-Bachar ISMAIL and the
promising M. Mazen ZAYLAA who works in
Pasteur Institute in Lille on the probiotics
effects on Crohn’s disease. I would like also
to thank my leader Pr. Monzer HAMZEH
for the great support he presented and for
his patience throughout my scientific career.
Great thanks go as well to my sincere friend
Pr. Fouad DABBOUSSI. Finally, I would
like to thank my wife Hawa DHAYBI for her
patience and for the calm ambiance she
created to help me writing this book. Tala,
Omar and Ali, my dear children, thank you
for tolerating my long absence.
I would like also to thank Dr. Khaled EL
OMARI and Ms Yemen SAYOUR for their
support.
Foreword
I n 1908, Elie Metchnikoff, a Russian researcher who was a Nobel laureate and pro-
fessor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, discovered that the lifespan of Bulgarian
people was related to the consumption of fermented milk containing lactic acid
bacteria.
I n 1900, Henry Tissier, a researcher at the Pasteur Institute, isolated a bacterial
strain from a breastfed child belonging to the B ifidobacterium genus, which he
called B acillus bifidus communis . The researcher declared that this strain reduced
the infectious incidence of pathogenic bacteria, in particular C lostridium difficile ,
which causes acute and infl ammatory diarrhea. Moreover, Tissier recommended the
administration of such strains to children with this symptom.
After many years of research, these benefi cial strains were considered an alterna-
tive treatment and were named “probiotics”, meaning “for life”. This term was
introduced in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell. Nevertheless, probiotics and antibiotics
were defi ned as microbes, of molecule derived from microbes, which inhibit the
growth of other microorganisms.
Probiotics belong to several genera, such as L actobacillus , Bifidobacterium ,
Propionibacterium , and Enterococcus as Gram-positive bacteria and E scherichia
coli as Gram-negative bacteria (E . coli Nissle) and yeast like S accharomyces bou-
lardii, which may or may not be present in the resident intestinal microfl ora of
humans and animals.
Probiotics were considered to be vectors that can transport active molecules to
the gut or vaginal ecosystem. Moreover, they can enhance immunity and exclude
undesirable bacteria by direct or indirect mechanisms. Indeed, probiotics inhibit
pathogenic bacteria, neutralize toxins, improve food digestibility, and enhance the
immune system. In addition, probiotics can be considered a source of vitamins
(mainly B group vitamins) and minerals.
I n general, probiotics have a variety of mechanisms which can lead to benefi cial
effects. However, this depends on the bacterial strain in question.
vii
viii Foreword
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the limited number of antivi-
ral agents are major threats to public health. In addition, the increase of cancers
related to viral infections requires scientists to fi nd new solutions. Indeed, research-
ers are focusing on the place of probiotics and some of these metabolites in control-
ling these complicated problems. Hence, the authors of N ew Insights on Antiviral
Probiotics have promoted the importance of the role and place of probiotics in the
treatment of respiratory and enteric viral infections, as well as the different mecha-
nisms of action. One chapter is devoted to the use of probiotics as vaccine vectors
in preventing some viral infections (infl uenza, HIV, HPV, rotavirus). Chronic dis-
eases related to viral infection are the subject of another chapter. The majority of
viruses involved in this type of pathology are discussed (HPV, EBV, herpes, HIV,
HTLV, etc.), as well as the impact of probiotics on reducing cancer development
during infection. The authors have also drawn attention to the importance of probi-
otic metabolites in inhibiting viral infections. Finally, the authors have included a
chapter on the methods used to evaluate probiotic strains with antiviral effects. This
chapter is a valuable tool and an excellent reference for researchers.
I am convinced that this is a book with great scientifi c value, which will be highly
useful to the scientifi c community and will bring much new information on the role
of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of viral infections.
Monzer HAMZE
Head of Laboratoire de Microbiologie Sante et Environnement (LMSE)
Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health
Lebanese University
Tripoli , Lebanon
Pref ace

I t has been more than 20 years since viruses were fi rst considered a threat to public
health. The rate of viral infections is increasing dramatically worldwide, and defi ni-
tive solutions seem to be far from reality. Moreover, numerous factors – pollution,
immunosuppressive drugs, and non-equilibrate diets – have impaired immunity and
thus amplifi ed the risk of infection, while also causing the appearance of new patho-
gens. In addition, antiviral agents are rare because of the genetic variation of many
viruses. Furthermore, vaccines are considered a last resource for microbiologists
attempting to prevent complicated viral infections. However, it is not possible to
defeat some viruses due to their genetic variation.
More than a century ago, scientists began using, by chance, lactic acid bacteria
naturally present in fermented products to fi ght viral infections. Researchers have
focused during the last 20 years on the importance of probiotics in bacterial infec-
tions and chronic diseases, including cancers. In fact, antiviral probiotics appeared
fi rst in 1990, when they acted as agents to help protect the intestinal epithelium from
viral infection and to help to decrease diarrhea. Noting this effectiveness, some
researchers conducted further studies to determine the mechanisms causing this
antiviral effect.
This book highlights probiotics with antiviral effects, which can be named
“a ntiviral probiotics” due to their direct and indirect effects on viral particles.
New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics contains fi ve chapters that discuss the different
applications of this kind of probiotics in infectious and chronic viral diseases. The
third chapter focuses on the use of probiotic strains as vaccine vectors. The two last
chapters prove the importance of the antiviral metabolites of certain probiotics and
the methods used to characterize bacterial strains as antiviral probiotics.
Imad AL KASSAA
Laboratoire de Microbiologie Environnement et Santé (LMSE)
Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health
Lebanese University
Tripoli , Lebanon
ix
Contents
1 Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . 1
Imad AL KASSAA
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Part I-A: Probiotics and Respiratory Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 Part I-B Probiotics and Viral Gastroenteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.2 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
2 The Use of Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent
Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Bachar ISMAIL
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.1.1 Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1.2 Probiotic Bacteria as Vaccine Delivery Vehicles:
A Promising Strategy for Mucosal Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1.3 Parameters that Modulate the Immune Responses
Induced by Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.4 Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections . . . 51
2.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
3 Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases . . . . . . .. 61
Imad AL KASSAA and Mazen ZAYLAA
3.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 Cancer Related to Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
xi
xii Contents
3.4 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human T-Cell
Lymphotropic/Leukemia Virus (HTLV) Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5 Probiotics as a Novel Prevention Strategy Against
Type 1 Diabetes Related to Viral Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Probiotics as a Treatment and Prevention Strategy for Liver
Complications Caused by Hepatitis B and C Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7 Treatment and Prevention Strategy of Herpes Simplex
Viruses 1 and 2 Using Probiotic Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.8 Probiotics and Human Immune Defi ciency Virus (HIV) . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.9 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4 The Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Imad AL KASSAA
4.1 Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.1.1 Non-organic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.1.2 Organic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Probiotics and Their Proteinaceous Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3 Unspecifi ed Antiviral Metabolites by Assessment
of Probiotic/LAB Native Supernatants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
5 Methods and Techniques to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity
of a New Probiotic Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
Imad AL KASSAA
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2 Evaluation of a Potential Probiotic Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Strains . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.2 Identifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.3 Screening Tests to Confi rm Potential Probiotic
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.4 Safety of Selected Probiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.5 Antibiotic Resistance Profi le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.6 In Vivo Studies in Animal Models and Human Trials . . . . . . 104
5.3 Evaluation of Antiviral Probiotics (AvPrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.1 In Vitro Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.3.2 Antiviral Assays for Bacterial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.3.3 In Vivo Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.3.4 Clinical Trials (CTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117