New Immigration Destinations: Migrating to Rural and Peripheral Areas

227 Pages·2017·3.04 MB·English

by  Ruth McAreavey

New Immigration Destinations
Current population movements involve both established and new destinations,
often encompassing marginal and rural communities and resulting in a whole
new set of issues for these communities. New Immigration Destinations examines
structural forces along with individual strategies and behaviour to highlight the
opportunities and challenges for ‘new’ destination areas arising from new eco-
nomic and cultural mobility.
Representing a ‘second wave’ in studies of in-migration, this volume examines
patterns in ‘non-traditional’ rural and peripheral migration destinations, with a
particular focus on Northern Ireland. By examining events in the host society,
this book shows how processes of migrant incorporation are complex and rely
on multifarious influences, including the state, community, individuals and fami-
lies. Accordingly, the book scrutinises theories of migration and social integration
within rural/peripheral destinations. This subsequently provides clarification of
many of the contested concepts, including transnationalism; integration, accul-
turation and assimilation; ‘new’ destinations; and migrants and ethnic minorities.
Focusing on the local and the micro within a context of social and policy real-
ity, this timely volume critically engages with original theories of migration, thus
providing a much fuller conceptual and theoretical understanding for an emerging
field of migration studies within a rapidly changing and uncertain world. This
book’s interdisciplinary nature will appeal to policymakers, scholars and both
undergraduate and postgraduate students in a range of disciplines, including Soci-
ology (Race and Ethnic Studies), Human Geography (Migration, Demography),
Political Economy and Community Development.
Ruth McAreavey is a senior lecturer in Sociology at Newcastle University, UK.
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New Immigration Destinations
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Peripheral Areas
Ruth McAreavey
First published 2017
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© 2017 Ruth McAreavey
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN: 978-0-415-54005-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16000-9 (ebk)
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Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction and Overview 1
Introduction 1
New Immigration Destinations 4
Northern Ireland as an NID 5
Aims of the Book 6
Structure of the Book 7
2 The Migration Kaleidoscope: Patterns and Processes 10
Macro Influences 10
New Political Movements and Migration 12
Migration Governance 14
Global Flows of Migrants 15
Migrants Escaping Severe Hardships 15
Moving for Work 16
New Immigration Destinations in a Global Context 18
New Arrivals, New Geographies 19
Unfolding Relations in NIDs 21
Migration Strategies and Decisions 22
Balancing the ‘Cost’ and Benefits of Being a Migrant 24
The Benefits of Migration: Sending and Receiving Nations 26
Conclusion 27
3 Conceptualising New Immigration Destinations 28
Introduction 28
Contemporary Migration Flows 28
Terminology and Language 30
vi Contents
Migrants, Migration and Legality 30
Deploying Labels and the Social Construction of
Migrants 32
Essentialising 34
Second-Generation Identities 36
Conceptualising Processes of Incorporation 37
Assimilation Theories 37
Alternative Frameworks for Migrant Incorporation 39
New Concepts for Understanding Migration 41
Superdiversity 41
Tools for Analysing NIDs 43
Features of New Immigration Destinations 44
4 Ethical and Methodological Considerations 46
Accountability in Research 46
A Professional Ethical Approach 48
How to (Re)Present Migrants’ ‘Real’ Interests 49
Migrants, Power Relations and Society 50
Relations with the Research Community: Recruiting
Participants and Gaining Access 53
The Ethics of Participation 53
Ethics of Payments 54
Choosing to Participate: External Prompts and Internal
Motivators 56
Community Motivations, Mutual Interests and Cultural
Sensitivity 57
Relying on Gatekeepers 58
Gatekeeper Negotiations 59
Communication and Rapport 61
Nurturing Relationships with the Researched 62
Positionality 63
Language and Interpretation 64
Final Comments 65
5 Northern Ireland: A Context for Immigration 67
A Snapshot of Migration Flows to Northern Ireland 68
Northern Ireland: Jurisdiction and Political Context 70
Government in Northern Ireland 70
Brexit 71
Identifying the ‘Community’ in Northern Ireland 73
Migrants in Northern Ireland 73
Contents vii
Estimating Immigration to Northern Ireland 74
Migration Patterns: From the Past to the Present 76
Contested Territory; Conflicting Social Relations 79
Settlement Patterns 82
Housing Patterns 82
Longer-Term Trends 86
An Ageing Society? 87
Emerging Challenges for Northern Ireland 87
6 Local Boundaries: Inclusionary or Exclusionary? 89
State Action: Integrating or Impeding? 89
Boundaries Between Social Groups 90
Migration Boundaries 92
The Paradox of Migration Governance: US and Canada 93
The EU and Labour Mobility 96
EU Migrants 99
Non-EU Migrants in the UK 101
Uncertain and Shifting Boundaries 102
Conclusions 107
7 The Role of Language in Migrants’ Integration 108
Language as Vehicle for Migrant Incorporation 108
Language and Culture 109
Family Relations 109
Cultural Sensitivity, Languages and Service Provision in a New
Immigration Destination 110
Effectiveness of Interpretation and Interpreters 110
Availability of Interpretation 113
Appropriate Service Delivery 114
Service Provision and Cultural Sensitivity 116
Acquiring and Using the New Language 116
Language as a Gateway? 118
Families, Language and Belonging 120
Conclusions 123
8 Migrants in the Labour Market: Strategies to Gain
Recognition 126
Migrants and the Economy 126
Unraveling Exclusion in the Labour Market 128
Measuring Inequalities 130
Understanding Migrant Inequalities in the Economy 131
viii Contents
Local Context: Northern Ireland, the Economy and Equality
Legislation 132
The Northern Irish Economy 132
Future Developments 133
Brexit 133
Equality Legislation and Policy Measures 134
Racial Equality and Race Relations 136
Good (Community) Relations 137
Irish Migrants in Global Flows 138
Shaping Demand for Migrant Workers 138
Migrants in the Northern Irish Economy 140
Inequalities in the Labour Market 140
Labour Market Segmentation 141
Inclusion in the Labour Market 142
Recognition in the Labour Market 144
Conclusions 148
9 Juggling Social Income 150
Social Income in an NID 150
Interconnecting Inequalities 152
The Workplace: Insecure and Unequal? 153
State and Welfare Support 154
Problems at the ‘Front Desk’ 158
Beyond the Workplace: Blocking and Boosting Social
Income 159
Structural Challenges 161
Third-Sector Agencies 162
Support from Friends and Family 168
Conclusions 171
10 Final Thoughts 173
References 176
Index 213
Illustrations
Figures
5.1 Estimated net rest of UK and international migration 68
5.2 Xenophobic graffiti posted during the Brexit campaign 72
5.3 Number of requests for interpretation services in health
services in Northern Ireland, 2004–2005 through 2015–2016 78
9.1 Adaptation of Standing’s model of social income 151
Maps
1.1 Northern Ireland’s location in Europe 3
5.1 2011 Census EU post-2004 country of birth
population percentage, Northern Ireland ward level 69
5.2a 2011 Census EU post-2004 country of birth
population percentage, research sites at ward level 83
5.2b 2011 Census EU post-2004 country of birth
population percentage, research sites at small area level 83
Tables
5.1 Health card registrations from non-UK nationals as per country
of origin 77
5.2 Health card registrations from non-UK nationals in Northern
Ireland, 2005–2014 79