Table Of ContentNew Horizons in Insect Science:
Towards Sustainable Pest Management
Akshay Kumar Chakravarthy
Editor
New Horizons in Insect
Science: Towards
Sustainable Pest
Management
2123
Editor
Akshay Kumar Chakravarthy
Department of Agricultural E ntomology
College of Agriculture
Bangalore
Karnataka
India
ISBN 978-81-322-2088-6 ISBN 978-81-322-2089-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2089-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015931951
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Foreword
It was sometime in mid-2012 that I received an invitation to deliver an inau-
gural key note for the International Conference on Insect Science (ICIS-
2013) in Bengaluru, India. Despite preoccupations, it was impelling to
attend ICIS-2013 because India is the centre of origin for the shoot and fruit
borer, Conogethes punctiferalis that obsessed me scientifically for nearly
three decades. Secondly, it marked 25 years of fruitful collaboration between
Japan and India on Conogethes. Further, a global discussion was planned in
ICIS-2013 on the crambid moth—Conogethes—that is undergoing specia-
tion and is expanding geographically and also in its host range.
The material presented in this book deals with insect science and pest
management that are intimately related. Practicable pest management pro-
grammes cannot be strategized without sound insect science. There were
lively discussions on a wide variety of aspects of insect science and pest
management involving a majority of species from the oriental region. How-
ever, all presentations have not found a place in this book. Of course, space
is a limitation! Hot issues in Entomology like resistance management, food
security, phytosanitory measures, pest risk analysis, molecular entomology,
toxicology, management, biodiversity, biosystematics, conservation, climate
change, ecology and behaviour have all been included.
Entomologists like in other spheres of research have become specialised
and sophisticated. But an increasing extent of effort is required for exten-
sion services, social and environmental issues to implement pest manage-
ment especially in developing and tropical countries. This is a challenging
and daunting task given the stratified standards of living, trade barriers and
societal concerns. Natural recourses and people’s participation also need to
be interjected and harnessed for implementing pest management strategies
successfully as these are critically important. Equally important is organis-
ing conferences as ICIS-2013! Such formative scientific conferences provide
a forum for expressing and developing important new ideas across a wide
range of related disciplines. I look forward to more such conferences and
books by well-organised teams of entomologists.
14 October 2013 Prof. Hiroshi Honda
Japan Applied Entomology and Zoology
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
v
Preface
Great advances have been made during the last few decades in insect sci-
ence and pest management. Undoubtedly, important factors contributing
to the progress, firstly, have been the effective use of several sophisticated
yet sensitive instruments like the GC/MS, gel electrophoresis, quantitative
proteomics methods etc. More importantly, the present-day youth have not
only increasingly become interested in insects and insect-related biological
organisms but are also trying to understand them, their lives, and interac-
tions, with multidisciplinary approach. Secondly, global trade and globalisa-
tion have led to rapid dissemination of information. As a result, new views,
perspectives and interrelated sciences are evolving and emerging. Nowadays,
the food growers and consumers have become more aware of the risks of
pesticide residues in food, affecting market and trade. It is with this back-
ground that the Department of Entomology, UAS, Bengaluru and the Indian
Society for Advancement of Insect Science, Ludhiana, Punjab conducted the
International Conference on Insect Science (ICIS-2013) at Bengaluru, 14–17
February, 2013. ICIS-2013 was a mega, unique event drawing over 500 ento-
mologists from 36 countries to a theme: New horizons in Insect Science with
reference to molecular, climate change and pest management.
Papers on a number of relatively biodegradable, new molecules with a
narrow spectrum of activity like anthrelinic diamide class of insecticides,
cyazypyr and entomotoxic proteins namely lectins for the production of
insect resistant transgenic crops were presented. These and other compounds
have set new standards of efficacy and utility in plant protection. Some of
these compounds represent landmarks for pest management for the present
and the future. Presentations also focussed on pheromone tab with auto-con-
fusing techniques, molecular-based genomic studies of pests, DNA barcod-
ing of pests, pathogens, natural enemies and pollinators to ensure accurate
identification, RNAi, impact of farming practices, pesticides and landscape
management of wildlife in cultivated and wild habitats, identifying, conserv-
ing and declaring bee-rich areas as heritage sites, creating and marketing
sustainable food goods that are safe, affordable and socially acceptable. A
majority of the presentations were from developing countries focusing on
pests that constrain generally small scale, sustainable, tropical agricultural
production systems. The presentations reflected incredibly diverse aspects of
insect science and pest management, and such coherent and up-to-date col-
vii
viii Preface
lection of views are often not available to readers. Manuscripts were received
in two forms: original research material and research work with reviewed
material. It is hoped that this book will be of value and use to insect-scien-
tists, pest managers and students alike, worldwide.
Bangalore, Karnataka, India A. K. Chakravarthy
Acknowledgements
The ICIS-2013 Secretariat thanks all those who have helped in organizing
and conducting ICIS-2013, a mega event, successfully. The honourable Vice
Chancellor, Dr. K. Narayana Gowda, the Members of the Board of Regents,
officers and Dr. M. A. Shankar, Director of Research, UAS, Bangalore, Dr.
B. S. Dhillon, honourable Vice Chancellor, PAU, Ludhiana and Dr. B. V.
Patil honourable Vice Chancellor, UAS® for their constant help, guidance
and encouragement, and the Life members particularly Dr. Balwinder Singh,
President and Professor and Head and Dr. Ramesh Arora, Secretary and Pro-
fessor of Entomology of Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect Sci-
ence (INSAIS), Punjab for their encouragement and support. I immensely
thank Dr. S. Ayyappan (DG), Dr. N. K. Krishna Kumar DDG (Hort.), Dr. Swa-
pan Kumar Dutta DDG (CC), Dr. T. P. Rajendran ADG (PP), Indian Council
of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. The Director of Education, Director
of Extension, Director of Students Welfare, Administrative Officer, Dean
(Agri.), Dean (PGS), UAS, GKVK, Bangalore who deserve our gratitude for
their constant help, guidance and encouragement. Dr. A. S. Siddu, Director,
IIHR, Bangalore and Mr. A. N. Yellappa Reddy, IFS helped immensely in
conducting ICIS-2013. I acknowledge all the foreign and Indian delegates
who have participated and sent manuscripts. Prof. Sunil Natuyal, ISEC, Dr.
H. Basappa, DOR, for untiring efforts for the success of ICIS-2013. I thank
the staff of Holiday Palm Hotel, Bangalore for their constant help and ser-
vices. The Secretariat, ICIS-2013 acknowledges the following for their valu-
able support: Agastya Foundation, Mr. Chandrashekar, Balur Estate, NBAII,
NCBS, BCRL, IIHR, Biofuel Board, Canara Bank, Coffee Board, Dhanuka,
DuPont, Excel Crop Care, Garuda Agrochemicals, Monsanto, NABARD,
Rallies Pvt. Ltd., State Department of Horticulture, Sumitomo, Syngenta,
IAT, Bangalore and Resolution Print Media. Staff & Students of Depart-
ment of Entomology and Entomologists of UAS, Bangalore. Postgraduate
students, faculty in particular Dr. N. G. Kumar, Dr. G. Govindaraj and sup-
porting staff from UAS, Bangalore, Dr. P. K. Mehta, HPKV Palampur, Dr. H.
C. Sharma ICRISAT and Dr. S. Sithanantham, Sun Agro Biotech, Chennai.
I greatly welcome the publication of ICIS-2013 proceedings in part by
International Springer Group, New Delhi.
A. K. Chakravarthy
ix
Prelude
New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest
Management: An Introduction
A. K. Chakravarthy
This book deals with the kind of topics compiled on insect science and the way
they have been arranged. These topics were presented at the International Confer-
ence on Insect Science, 14−17 February 2013 at Bengaluru, South India. The book
addresses the topics of current and continuing significance. Also included in this
book are areas in which effects of IPM on the environment, ecosystems and soci-
ety are highly impacted. Emphasis is given to the role of integrated pest manage-
ment (IPM), and new and evolving chemical and non-chemical pest suppression
tools to reduce crop losses due to insect pests. An analysis is made of the current
environmental problems associated with pesticide use and new insecticide mol-
ecules. The major objective of new branches in insect science has been to develop
systems of pest management that optimize cost: benefit ratios on a long-term and
sustainable basis for the farmer and the society at large. Thus, topics on insect
science included in this book will be of tremendous benefit to farmers, policy
makers, environmentalists, entomologists and agricultural scientists so that these
could be further integrated into the entire crop production process.
The select topics have been grouped under seven broad sections. Part I
includes Insect Taxonomy. As a group, insects are the most speciose of all
living beings on earth. So, to identify and characterize them is the first and
foremost important step. Sreedevi and others have discussed about the use of
new integrative taxonomic approaches in precisely identifying and delineat-
ing species using molecular tools like DNA bar coding. Similarly, Jalali and
others have shown ways to use DNA bar coding for identifications of insects
important to agriculture, horticulture and forestry ecosystems.
Part II includes seven chapters on insect physiology. Shama Singh from
New Delhi investigated the effects of changes in body size and colour on
mating success of Drosophila. Dark strain showed significantly higher
number of mated pairs and longer copulation duration as compared to the
light strain. The longevity of big female Trichopria sp. (a tiny wasp) was
significantly longer than small ones. Similarly, big females of the wasp pro-
duced significantly more progeny with higher sex ratio compared to small
females, according to Veena and Manjunath. Vidhu and Evans from Kerala,
India highlighted the presence of different forms and levels of formic acid in
xi
xii Prelude
the behaviour and physiology of the red ant, Oecophylla smaragdina. The
team of Mahfuza Khan from Bangladesh have researched on the impact of
added bacteria in adult diets on the ovariole number of the pumpkin fruit fly,
Bactrocera tau. Janardhana Jani and others have given the readers the effects
of metabolites of Psuedomonas sp. on the health of the crop plants. Nowa-
days, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops are gaining a lot of impor-
tance. Leena Pathak and others have dealt with insect resistance in Bt crops.
The chapters selected on Insect Toxicology have been included in Part. III.
Midgut and whole body extracts of the resistant Cnaphalocrosis medinalis,
a pest on rice, showed differences in esterase-banding pattern with midgut
producing three esterase bands, according to Ramesh Babu and Shashi
Vemuri. Wei Qing Zheng and others from China carried out bioassays of
Rongbao (active ingredients of calcium cyanamide) against housefly mag-
gots. Nanoparticles and nanotechnology are going to be the buzz words in
crop protection in the days to come. Chakravarthy and others showed that
inorganic nanoparticles proved promising against Spodoptera and Helicov-
erpa. Alibabaie and Safaralizadeh from Iran demonstrated fumigant toxicity
of nutmeg seed essential oil on cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus.
The next important new horizon of insect science is Insect Vectors com-
piled under Part. IV. Kumara and others from Srilanka discussed at length
vectors of coconut leaf wilt disease. Chavan and Nagaraju have comprehen-
sively reviewed the literature on plant viruses in South East Asia.
Molecular science has been the main stay of biologists today. Therefore,
under Part. V, four important chapters on insect molecular science have been
included. Ankit Patel and others have shared their research experience on
molecular approaches for the improvement of B. thuringiensis against crop
pests. Ponnuvel and others have deciphered in depth on diapause-related
gene expression in eggs of Bombyx mori. Asokan and others have com-
prehensively dealt with the role of RNA interference in pest management.
Shashank and coworkers have studied molecular characterization and man-
agement of shoot and fruit borer, Conogethes punctiferalis.
Another interesting, promising and newly emerging branch of Insect Sci-
ence has been the Insect Chemical Ecology. Two interesting chapters on
insect semiochemicals by a team of workers lead by Srinivasan Ramasamy
from AVRDC Taiwan and Kamala Jayanthi from IIHR, Bengaluru have been
included in Part. VI of this book.
In this book, insect science has embraced topics on basic and applied
Entomology. So, included under Part. VII of the book are 15 chapters on
Applied Entomology. Five chapters on host plant resistance as a means to
suppress pest populations in cultivated ecosystems form an important part of
this book. Vijayakumar et al. have elucidated the mechanism of resistance in
rice gall midge. Besides inflicting direct injury to crops, insects also cause
malady to crop plants by infecting disease causing organisms or debilitating
the plant of nutrients. One such interesting case has been reported by Vijaya-
kumar Ghante from Karnataka, South India on Bt cotton hybrids. Saravana-
raman and coworkers have dealt with mutation breeding in shoot webber and
capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis of sesamum. Selvanarayanan has ele-
gantly addressed the redesigning research on crop resistance to insect pests.
