New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making

931 Pages·2015·22.53 MB·English

by  Vladimir F. Krapivin, Costas A. Varotsos, Vladimir Yu. Soldatov (auth.)

Environmental Earth Sciences
Vladimir F. Krapivin
Costas A. Varotsos
Vladimir Yu. Soldatov
New Ecoinformatics
Tools in
Environmental
Science
Applications and Decision-making
Environmental Earth Sciences
Series editor
James W. LaMoreaux, Tuscaloosa, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8394
Vladimir F. Krapivin Costas A. Varotsos
(cid:129)
Vladimir Yu. Soldatov
New Ecoinformatics Tools
in Environmental Science
Applications and Decision-making
123
Vladimir F.Krapivin Vladimir Yu.Soldatov
Informatics Informatics
Kotelnikov Instituteof Radioengineering Kotelnikov Instituteof Radioengineering
Fryazino Fryazino
Russia Russia
CostasA.Varotsos
Environmental Physicsand Meteorology
Universityof Athens
Athens
Greece
ISSN 2199-9155 ISSN 2199-9163 (electronic)
Environmental Earth Sciences
ISBN 978-3-319-13977-7 ISBN 978-3-319-13978-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13978-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957398
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
The design problem of geoinformation monitoring systems needs the solution of a
wide spectrum of tasks incoming to the competence of many areas of knowledge.
The complex character of this problem is stipulated by the assembly of heteroge-
neous and differently systematic and applied research that is realized in many
countries in the framework of national and international environmental programs.
Thebasicgoalofallsimilarresearchesconsistsintheattempttoanswertheunique
basicquestion:Whatstructureandworkingregimeoftheobservationsystemareto
be in order to guarantee the reliable assessments of its current state and the prog-
nosis of its evolution in the nearest and perspective future? Unfortunately, present
science does not give an affirmative reply to this question. Ecoinformatics tries to
answerthis question by developingnew informational technologies and producing
a theoretical base for a new stage of the environmental science developing.
Ecoinformatics is the science of information in ecology and environmental
sciencethatintegratesenvironmentalandinformationsciences.Ecoinformaticstries
tocreatethetoolsfortheassessmentandanalysisofnaturalsystemsthatexistunder
differentconditions.Inthiscontext,ecoinformaticsdevelopscomputertechnologies
relevant to the management of ecological data and information delivered existing
and planned geoinformational systems. As a result ecoinformatics proposes new
tools based on the coupled use of ecological, geophysical, and mathematical
knowledge to integrate information, data, methods, algorithms, and computer
technologiesforprovidingecologicaldatatoscientificorpolicymakingprocesses.
Ecoinformatics is studying the problems that arise due to use of informatics
methods for solution of environment control tasks. It is developed areas such as
elaboration of new informational technologies for monitoring data processing,
making and development of algorithms for spatial–temporal interpolation, analysis
of correlation functions in the nature–anthropogenic systems taking into account
hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales, and search for the most efficient methods
for the synthesis of monitoring system structures.
Ecoinformatics devotes priority to technologies in the framework in which the
informatics methods are used for research of dynamic characteristics of environ-
mental systems, assessment of large-scale consequences of anthropogenic activity,
v
vi Preface
andprognosisofbiogeochemicalprocessesfromlocaltoglobalscales.Thisfieldof
study also includes a creation and application of mathematical models for natural
and anthropogenic processes, search of criteria for reliable assessment of human
living condition quality, and detection of causes stimulating the disturbances of
sanitary epidemiological conditions in the environment.
Ecoinformatics studies theoretical and applied tasks that are aimed at under-
standing the role of mathematical modeling methods, theory of complex systems,
nonlinear programming, computer cartography, remote sensing technology, and
expert systems in the study of processes happening in the environment.
Ecoinformatics joins knowledge from such areas as physics, mathematics,
biology, chemistry, sociology, ecology, economics, and law that solve environ-
mental problems. It helps to find answers to many questions on the conflicts
between nature and human society. Most experts suggest that an efficient way to
resolve these conflicts would be creation of a unified planetary-scale adaptive
geoinformationmonitoringsystem,whichshouldbebasedonknowledgebasesand
global datasets that are constantly updated. The adaptive nature of such a system
should be provided by continuously correcting the data acquisition mode and by
varying the parameters and structure of the global model.
This book develops ideas and technologies that could help solve many envi-
ronmental problems and describes a simulation system based on sets of computer
algorithmsthatprocessdatafromglobalandregionalmonitoring.Thebookhasten
chaptersthatconsidervariousaspectsoftheenvironmentalproblemsanddevelops
information-modeling technologies for operational diagnostics of environmental
processes including stressful natural phenomena. In particular, the book discusses
the following topics:
(cid:129) Natural catastrophes as a dynamic category of environmental phenomena;
(cid:129) Remote sensing and mathematical modeling for effective forecast of large-scale
land territories and water areas behavior;
(cid:129) Practical applications of microwave radiometric technologies along with other
remotesensingtechnologiesindifferentsituationsinhydrologyforunderground
water mapping and for fire hazard determination in forested and peat bog
environments;
(cid:129) Decision making in complicated conditions;
(cid:129) Evolution modeling in ecology and hydrometeorology;
(cid:129) Arctic Basin pollution dynamics under intensive anthropogenic forcing due to a
variety of industrial activities;
(cid:129) Target-oriented models that may be effective in socioeconomic areas; and
(cid:129) Regional and global ecological monitoring functioning based on the funda-
mentals of the noosphere paradigm.
The book discusses the global implications of environmental degradation—a
modelforpredictinganthropogenicinfluencesonglobalenvironmentalchangeand
for incorporating monitoring data into the predictions. Global problems of the
nature–society system dynamics are considered and the key problems of ensuring
Preface vii
its sustainable development are studied. Emphasis is placed on global geoinfor-
mation monitoring, which could provide a reliable control for the development of
environmental processes by obtaining prognostic estimates of the consequences
oftherealization ofanthropogenicprojects.Ecoinformaticstoolsdevelopedinthis
book offer a new approach to the study of global environmental changes, focusing
onitasanareaofstudyinvolvingmanyscientificdisciplines.Thesetoolsprovidea
unique insight into the social context of global changes in biogeochemical cycles,
and is a timely contribution to the current debate into global warming and sus-
tainable development of the nature–society system.
The book is aimed at specialists dealing with the development of information-
modeling technologies to protect the natural world. Global modeling, climate
change,problemsinherentinrelationshipsbetweensocietyandnature,geopolitics,
international relations, and methodology ofinterdisciplinary studiesare studied in-
depth. It is of special interest to designers and users of information-modeling
technologies in the field of population protection from natural disasters.
Contents
1 Information-Modeling Technology for the Environmental
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Principal Conception of the Information-Modeling
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Information-Modeling Technology as a Key Instrument
for the Solution of Environmental Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Standardization and Universalization of the Functions
of the Global Information-Modeling System. . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Simulation Experiment Based on the Global
Information-Modeling System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Structural Aspects of Information-Modelling Technology. . . . . . 14
1.3.1 Description of the Structure of a Common Global
Information-Modeling System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.2 The Subsystems of the Global Information-Modeling
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.3 The Global Information-Modeling System-Based
on Monitoring Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4 The Evolutionary Modeling as an Item of the
Information-Modeling Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.4.1 The Evolutionary Modeling Technology . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.4.2 Tools of Evolutionary Modeling Technology . . . . . . . 36
1.5 A Global Model as Unit of the Information-Modeling
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.1 Principal Structure of Global Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.2 Global Biogeochemical Cycles as Units
of Global Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.6 Block Schemes of Models for Biogeochemical Cycles. . . . . . . . 57
1.6.1 Schemes of the Global Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.2 Conceptual Schemes of the Nitrogen
Cycle in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ix
x Contents
1.6.3 Conceptual Schemes of the Global Oxygen Cycle. . . . 68
1.6.4 Biogeochemical Cycle of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
1.6.5 Block-Schemes of Global Sulfur Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.6.6 Conceptual Schemes of Global Phosphorus Cycle. . . . 84
1.7 Models of Global Biogeochemical Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1.7.1 Key Aspects of Global Biogeochemical Cycles. . . . . . 87
1.7.2 The Carbon Cycle Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.7.3 Nitrogen Cycle Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.7.4 Oxygen and Ozone Cycles Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
1.7.5 Global Methane Budget Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
1.7.6 Global Sulfur Cycle Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
1.7.7 Global Phosphorus Cycle Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.8 Climate Unit of the Global Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
1.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2 Remote-Sensing Technologies and Data Processing
Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.1 Remote Sensing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.2 Remote Sensing Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.3 Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing
of the Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.3.1 Remote-Sensing Technologies in the Infrared
and Optical Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.4 Monitoring of the Soil-Plant Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
2.5 Microwave Monitoring of the Soil Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2.5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2.5.2 Microwave Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2.5.3 Geoinformation System to Monitor Agriculture. . . . . . 156
2.6 Microwave Radiometric Observations of Temperature
Anomalies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
2.7 The Atmosphere Microwave Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2.8 Microwave Radiometry in Remote Monitoring
of the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
2.9 An Adaptive Technology to Classify and Interpret
Remote-Sensing Data of the Water Surface Qualitatively. . . . . . 186
2.10 A Device to Measure Geophysical and Hydrophysical
Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2.11 Direct and Inverse Problems of Microwave Monitoring. . . . . . 193
2.11.1 Typical Inverse Task of the Microwave
Radiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
2.11.2 Estimation of Radiobrightness Response Function
of the Ocean-Atmosphere System on Variations
in Heat Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197