Table Of ContentNEW DEVELOPMENTS IN
Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel
New Developments in Renewable Energy
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45849
Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel
Contributors
Tser Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh, Yi-Hsuan Ko, A Alolah, Ahmed M. Al Salloum, Mashauri Adam Kusekwa, António Cardoso
Marques, José Alberto Fuinhas, Rui Flora, Pius Olugbenga Fatona, Oladunjoye Abiodun, Adesanwo Adeola, Adetayo
Olumide, Abiodun Abiodun, Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Gholam Riahy, Sajjad Abedi, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian,
Mehdi Farhadkhani, Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Ehsan Enferad, Daryoush Nazarpour, Jose Pelegri-Sebastia,
Miguel Pareja Aparicio, Tomás Sogorb, Vicente Llario, Saeid Eslamian, Masoomeh Fakhri, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh,
Ali Eltamaly, Hassan Farh, Robert Peters, Basel I. Ismail, Hasan Arman, Maria Teresa Outeiro, Adriano Carvalho
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First published March, 2013
Printed in Croatia
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New Developments in Renewable Energy, Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-1040-8
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration 1
Chapter 1 Present Situation and Future Prospect of Energy Utilization
and Climate Change in Turkey 3
İbrahim Yüksel, Kamil Kaygusuz and Hasan Arman
Chapter 2 Energy Savings Resulting from Installation of an Extensive
Vegetated Roof System on a Campus Building in the
Southeastern United States 21
Robert W. Peters, Ronald D. Sherrod and Matt Winslett
Chapter 3 On the Public Policies Supporting Renewables and Wind Power
Overcapacity: Insights into the European Way Forward 51
António Cardoso Marques, José Alberto Fuinhas and Rui Flora
Chapter 4 Viewing Energy, Poverty and Sustainability in Developing
Countries Through a Gender Lens 83
Pius Fatona, Abiodun Abiodun, Adetayo Olumide, Adesanwo
Adeola and Oladunjoye Abiodun
Section 2 Modeling and Analysis 99
Chapter 5 Improved Stochastic Modeling: An Essential Tool for Power
System Scheduling in the Presence of Uncertain
Renewables 101
Sajjad Abedi, Gholam Hossein Riahy, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian and
Mehdi Farhadkhani
VI Contents
Chapter 6 Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell Using Free Software Application
for Training and Design Circuit in Photovoltaic
Solar Energy 121
Miguel Pareja Aparicio, José Pelegrí-Sebastiá, Tomás Sogorb and
Vicente Llario
Chapter 7 Steady State Modeling of Three Phase Self–Excited Induction
Generator Under Unbalanced/Balanced Conditions 141
A. Alsalloum and A. I. Alolah
Chapter 8 Maximum Power Extraction from Utility-Interfaced Wind
Turbines 159
Ali M. Eltamaly, A. I. Alolah and Hassan M. Farh
Chapter 9 Comparative Analysis of Endowments Effect Renewable
Energy Efficiency Among OECD Countries 193
Tser-Yieth Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh and Yi Hsuan Ko
Section 3 Wind Power 213
Chapter 10 Wind Speed Regionalization Under Climate Change
Conditions 215
Masoomeh Fakhry, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh, Saeid Eslamian and
Rouzbeh Nazari
Section 4 Biomass 237
Chapter 11 Biomass Conversion to Energy in Tanzania: A Critique 239
Mashauri Adam Kusekwa
Section 5 Ocean Energy 271
Chapter 12 Ocean's Renewable Power and Review of Technologies: Case
Study Waves 273
Ehsan Enferad and Daryoush Nazarpour
Section 6 Geothermal 301
Chapter 13 ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS
for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2
Sequestration 303
Basel I. Ismail
Contents VII
Section 7 Fuel Cell 329
Chapter 14 Methodology of Designing Power Converters for Fuel Cell
Based Systems: A Resonant Approach 331
Maria Teresa Outeiro and Adriano Carvalho
Section 8 Integrated System 363
Chapter 15 Wind Diesel Hybrid Power System with
Hydrogen Storage 365
Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Karim Belmokhtar and Kodjo
Agbossou
Chapter 16 Sustainable Power Generation Through Co-Combustion of
Agricultural Residues with Coal in Existing Coal
Power Plant 389
Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani and Azil Bahari Alias
Preface
Unlike to fossil energy sources, renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind are
existed in widespread geographical areas of the world and provide important opportunities
for energy efficiency. Higher growth rate in production of renewable energy and technologi‐
cal diversification of energy sources will contribute a significant energy security and sub‐
stantial economic benefits to many nations. Consequently, in developing countries, projects
related to renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation via providing the
energy needed for setting up businesses and employment. Also, renewable energy technolo‐
gies can make indirect assistances to poverty alleviation by providing energy for cooking,
space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education by provid‐
ing electricity to schools.
The recent studies indicate that renewable energy sources have been grown at an average
annual rate of 1.7% since 1990s. It is slightly less than the annual growth rate of world's’
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) which is 1.9%. Especially, the average annual growth
rate of wind power is the highest with 25%. However, the production still remains small due
to its very low base in 1990s. Most of the production and growth of solar and wind energy
are committed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
countries. With 10.4% of annual growth rate, renewable municipal waste, biogas and liquid
biomass were recorded as the second highest growing energy sources. Having an annual
growth rate of 1.2%, the primary solid biomass is the largest contributor to renewable ener‐
gy in the world and has experienced the slowest growth among the renewable energy sour‐
ces. Most of the solid biomass is produced in the Nnon-OECD countries, but its growth is
comparable forto OECD and non-OECD countries. The annual growth rate of solar photo‐
voltaics and solar thermal is 9.8%. The average annual growth rate of hydropower in non-
OECD countries (3.7%) was larger than in OECD countries (0.4%) between 1990 and 2007.
Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the needs of the future. Renewable energy technologies are important con‐
tributors to sustainable energy which utilize renewable energy sources, such as hydroelec‐
tricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power. They
generally contribute to world's energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel re‐
sources, improving energy efficiency, and providing opportunities for mitigating green‐
house gases.
Sustainable development has evolved to integrate economic, social and environmental aims.
Sustainable development has emerged as the key challenge for the 21st Ccentury. Both the
opportunities and the lack of progress were highlighted during the Johannesburg World
Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Decision-makers are looking for sustainable
X Preface
development in order to provide practical approaches for addressing traditional issues as
well as the newer challenges.
Energy is important for economical and social development and enhanced quality of life in
all nations. However, if technology were to remain stable and if overall quantities were to
increase substantially, much of the world’s energy could not be sustained under the current
production and consumption ways. There is an urgent need to control atmospheric emis‐
sions of greenhouse and other gases/substances for efficiency in energy production, trans‐
mission, distribution, and consumption in the country. As policymakers and investors all
around the world are aware of the electricity’s critical role in improving living standards
and sustaining economic growth, electricity supply infrastructures in many developing
countries are being rapidly expanded.
The book is divided into nineeight sections;: Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social
Consideration, Modeling and Analysis, Wind Power, Biomass, Ocean Energy, Geothermal,
Bio Fuels, Fuel Cell and Integrated System. Each section has a number of chapters address‐
ing various issues related to renewable energy.
A number of experts have provided progressive contributions for the development of this
book. The editor and Cthe co-editor of the book are thankful for their supportive and con‐
tinuous efforts in completing this book. This book mightwould not be existed if thereit
wasn't for was no their remarkable contributions. Finally, the editors would like to kindly
thank to all InTech peoplestaff for their invitation and enthusiasm from the first to the fi‐
nal stage of this book.
Editor
Dr. Hasan Arman
Professor, Geology Department
College of Science
United Arab Emirates University
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Co-editor
Ibrahim Yuksel
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering
Faculty of Tecnology
Sakarya University
Sakarya, Turkey
