Table Of ContentNew and Future
Developments in Microbial
Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
New and Future
Developments in Microbial
Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
Sustainable Agriculture: Advances in
microbe-based biostimulants
Edited by
Harikesh Bahadur Singh
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of
Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura
Anukool Vaishnav
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of
Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura;
Swiss Excellence Fellow, Agroecology and Environment,
Agroscope (Reckenholz), Zürich, Switzerland
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Contents
Contributors xv
About the Editors xxi
Preface xxiii
1. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria - Advances and
future prospects 1
Cristine Marie B. Brown, Robert A. Nepomuceno, Julieta A. Anarna,
Marilyn B. Brown
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Review literature & recent developments 2
1.3 Conclusion 21
References 22
2. Prospects of beneficial microbes as a natural resource for
sustainable legumes production under changing climate 29
Ayman EL Sabagh, Md.Sohidul Islam, Akbar Hossain, Muhammad
Aamir Iqbal, Muhammad Imran, Ali Raza, Arzu Çiğ, Allah Wasaya,
Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir, Ade Sumiahadi, Khizer Amanet, Muhammad
Mubeen, Singh Kulvir, Ram Swaroop Meena, Habib-ur-Rehman
Athar, Subhan Danish, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad
Ali Raza, Akihiro Ueda, Liu Liyun, Murat Erman
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Potential of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) 32
2.3 Factors affecting nodule formation and biological nitrogen
fixation (BNF) 33
2.4 Conclusion 46
2.5 Future prospective 46
Acknowledgments 47
References 47
v
vi Contents
3. Trichoderma as biostimulant - a plausible approach to
alleviate abiotic stress for intensive production practices 57
S. Abirami, S. Sree Gayathri, C. Usha
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Review of literature 59
3.3 Conclusion 75
References 76
4. Mode of action of different microbial products in plant
growth promotion 85
Nishar Akhtar, Md.Mahtab Rashid, Shahina Perween,
Gagan Kumar, Satyabrata Nanda
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Major microbial genera and their products 87
4.3 Mode of action(s) of microbes and their products 95
4.4 Direct benefits to the plant 104
4.5 Indirect benefits to the plant 107
4.6 Challenges in understanding the mode of action 107
4.7 Future perspectives and conclusion 108
References 109
5. Role of AM fungi in growth promotion of
high-value crops 121
Manoj Parihar, Manoj Kumar Chitara, Hanuman Ram,
Asha Kumari, Gopal Tiwari, Kiran Rana, Bisweswar Gorain,
Utkarsh Kumar, Jaideep Kumar Bisht, Lakshmi Kant
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 122
5.3 AMF mediated benefits to high-value crops 123
5.4 AMF application in micro propagation programme 128
5.5 Commercialization of AM fungi 128
5.6 Challenges of AMF technology 134
5.7 Conclusion and future prospects 135
References 136
Contents vii
6. Pseudomonas and Bacillus: A biological tool for
crop protection 145
A. Muthukumar, T. Suthin Raj, S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan,
R. Naveen Kumar, U. Keerthana
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Pseudomonas 146
6.3 Bio-control activity of Pseudomonas against plant pathogens 149
6.4 Bio-control activity of Bacillus spp. against plant pathogens 152
References 153
7. Underlying forces of plant microbiome and their effect
on plant development 159
Ankita Singh, Akash Hidangmayum, Bhudeo Rana Yashu,
Vivek Kumar, Bansh Narayan Singh, Padmanabh Dwivedi
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Plant microbiome diversity 160
7.3 Dynamic of plant microbes in plants 162
7.4 Plant microbe’s adaptability 163
7.5 Microbiome functions 165
7.6 Conclusions and future prospects 171
References 172
8. Plant viruses as biopesticides 181
Avinash Marwal, Akhilesh Kumar Srivastava, R.K. Gaur
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Research methodology 182
8.3 Categories of pesticides 182
8.4 Major viral biopesticides 182
8.5 Mode of action 183
8.6 Formulation / synthesis of viral biopesticides 184
8.7 Biopesticides manufacturing companies 185
8.8 Governing authorities / policies 186
8.9 RNAi viral biopesticides with nanotech approach 186
viii Contents
8.10 Recombinant viral biopesticides 187
8.11 A case study 187
8.12 Challenges and drawbacks 188
8.13 Major advantages 188
8.14 Conclusion, future prospects and take away 189
Acknowledgment 189
References 189
9. Microalgal based biostimulants as alleviator of biotic
and abiotic stresses in crop plants 195
Sumit Kumar, Tulasi Korra, U.B. Singh, Shailendra Singh,
Kartikay Bisen
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 Positive effects of microalgal extract on plant growth and
productivity 202
9.3 Microalgal biostimulants for managements of biotic and
abiotic stress 204
9.4 Microalgal biostimulants emphasized under abiotic stress 205
9.5 Effects of microalgae biostimulants on biotic stress 206
9.6 Microalgal extract: a mixture with multifaceted
mechanisms 207
9.7 Concluding remarks and future prospects 210
References 211
10. Utilization of omics approaches for underpinning
plant-microbe interaction 217
Manmeet Kaur, Ravneet Kaur, H.S. Sodhi
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Plant- microbial communications 218
10.3 Rhizospheric root microbial interaction 218
10.4 Endosphere and microbial communication 219
10.5 Plant microbial interaction and quorum sensing 220
Contents ix
10.6 Fungal-plant interaction 220
10.7 Plant-microbe signaling 222
10.8 Agrobacterium – crown gall disease 222
10.9 Different perspectives of bioinformatics to apprehend
soil microorganisms 223
10.10 Plant-microbe interactions promote plant growth 223
10.11 Omics approaches for plant-microbe interaction 226
10.12 Transcriptomics 226
10.13 Next generation sequencing 227
10.14 Amplicon sequencing 228
10.15 Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 228
10.16 TRAC anaylsis 229
10.17 Biochemical methods 229
10.18 Laser microdisinfection 230
10.19 CRISPR 230
10.20 Proteomics 231
10.21 Two- dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) 231
10.22 Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) 232
10.23 Isotope-Coded affinity tag (ICAT) 232
10.24 Mass spectrometry 233
10.25 Secretome 233
10.26 Metagenomics 234
10.27 Conclusion and future prospect 235
References 235
11. Extremophiles for sustainable agriculture 243
Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, Veena S. More, K.S Anantharaju, Sunil S. More
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Temperature 244
11.3 Thermophiles in agriculture 244
