Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics 10
L. K. Cheng
A. J. Pullan
G. Farrugia Editors
New Advances in
Gastrointestinal
Motility Research
Lecture Notes in Computational Vision
and Biomechanics
Volume 10
Series Editors
João Manuel R. S. Tavares, Porto, Portugal
R. M. Natal Jorge, Porto, Portugal
Editorial Advisory Board
Alejandro Frangi, Sheffield, UK
Chandrajit Bajaj, Austin, USA
Eugenio Oñate, Barcelona, Spain
Francisco Perales, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
Gerhard A. Holzapfel, Stockholm, Sweden
J. Paulo Vilas-Boas, Porto, Portugal
Jeffrey A. Weiss, Salt Lake City, USA
John Middleton, Cardiff, UK
Jose M. García Aznar, Zaragoza, Spain
Perumal Nithiarasu, Swansea, UK
Kumar K. Tamma, Minneapolis, USA
Laurent Cohen, Paris, France
Manuel Doblaré, Zaragoza, Spain
Patrick J. Prendergast, Dublin, Ireland
Rainald Löhner, Fairfax, USA
Roger Kamm, Cambridge, USA
Thomas J. R. Hughes, Austin, USA
Yongjie Zhang, Pittsburgh, USA
Yubo Fan, Beijing, China
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8910
Theresearchrelatedtotheanalysisoflivingstructures(Biomechanics)hasbeenasourceof
recentresearchinseveraldistinctareasofscience,forexample,Mathematics,Mechanical
Engineering, Physics, Informatics, Medicine and Sport. However, for its successful
achievement,numerousresearchtopicsshouldbeconsidered,suchasimageprocessingand
analysis, geometric and numerical modelling, biomechanics, experimental analysis,
mechanobiology and enhanced visualization, and their application to real cases must be
developedandmoreinvestigationisneeded.Additionally,enhancedhardwaresolutionsand
lessinvasivedevicesaredemanded.
Ontheotherhand,ImageAnalysis(ComputationalVision)isusedfortheextractionof
high level information from static images or dynamic image sequences. Examples of
applicationsinvolvingimageanalysiscanbethestudyofmotionofstructuresfromimage
sequences,shapereconstructionfromimagesandmedicaldiagnosis.Asamultidisciplinary
area,ComputationalVisionconsiderstechniquesandmethodsfromotherdisciplines,such
asArtificialIntelligence,SignalProcessing,Mathematics,PhysicsandInformatics.Despite
themanyresearchprojectsinthisarea,morerobustandefficientmethodsofComputational
ImagingarestilldemandedinmanyapplicationdomainsinMedicine,andtheirvalidation
inreal scenariosismatter ofurgency.
ThesetwoimportantandpredominantbranchesofScienceareincreasinglyconsideredto
bestronglyconnectedandrelated.Hence,themaingoaloftheLNCV&Bbookseriesconsists
oftheprovisionofacomprehensiveforumfordiscussiononthecurrentstate-of-the-artin
thesefieldsbyemphasizingtheirconnection.Thebookseriescovers(butisnotlimitedto):
• Applications of Computational Vision and • Imag-based Geometric Modeling and
Biomechanics MeshGeneration
• BiometricsandBiomedicalPatternAnalysis • ImageProcessingandAnalysis
• CellularImagingandCellularMechanics • Image Processing and Visualization in
• ClinicalBiomechanics Biofluids
• ComputationalBioimaging • ImageUnderstanding
andVisualization • MaterialModels
• ComputationalBiologyinBiomedicalImaging • Mechanobiology
• DevelopmentofBiomechanicalDevices • MedicalImageAnalysis
• Device and Technique Development for • MolecularMechanics
BiomedicalImaging • Multi-ModalImageSystems
• Digital Geometry Algorithms for Compu- • Multiscale Biosensors in Biomedical
tationalVisionandVisualization Imaging
• ExperimentalBiomechanics • Multiscale Devices and Biomems for Bio-
• Gait&PostureMechanics medicalImaging
• MultiscaleAnalysisinBiomechanics • MusculoskeletalBiomechanics
• NeuromuscularBiomechanics • SportBiomechanics
• NumericalMethodsforLivingTissues • VirtualRealityinBiomechanics
• NumericalSimulation • VisionSystems
• Software Development on Computational
VisionandBiomechanics
• GridandHighPerformanceComputingfor
ComputationalVisionandBiomechanics
L. K. Cheng A. J. Pullan
•
G. Farrugia
Editors
New Advances in
Gastrointestinal Motility
Research
123
Editors
L.K.Cheng G.Farrugia
A.J.Pullan Mayo Clinic
Auckland Bioengineering Institute Rochester,MN
The Universityof Auckland USA
Auckland
New Zealand
ISSN 2212-9391 ISSN 2212-9413 (electronic)
ISBN 978-94-007-6560-3 ISBN 978-94-007-6561-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6561-0
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013934099
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
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SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to the memory of
Andrew J. Pullan (1963–2012).
A great friend, colleague, and mentor to us
all. We will all miss you greatly
Contents
New Advances in Gastrointestinal Motility Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Leo K. Cheng and Gianrico Farrugia
Role of Ion Channel Mechanosensitivity in the Gut:
Mechano-Electrical Feedback Exemplified
By Stretch-Dependence of Na 1.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
v
Arthur Beyder, Rachel Lees-Green and Gianrico Farrugia
ICC Network Density: Regulation and Consequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Simon J. Gibbons, Jerry Gao and Gianrico Farrugia
The Principles and Practice of Gastrointestinal High-Resolution
Electrical Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Gregory O’Grady, Timothy R. Angeli and Wim J. E. P. Lammers
Quantitative Analysis of Electrical Activity in the
Gastrointestinal Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Jonathan C. Erickson, Niranchan Paskaranandavadivel
and Simon H. Bull
The Electrical Regulation of GI Motility at the
Whole-Organ Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Timothy R. Angeli, Gregory O’Grady and Wim J. E. P. Lammers
Therapeutic Potential of Gastric Electrical Stimulation for Obesity. . . 113
Jieyin Yin and Jiande Chen
Gastric Electrical Stimulation: Twentieth Century Development
to Twenty-First Century Implementation and Personalization
of Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
James Griffith, Sumanth Daram, Ben Boatright, Joy Hughes,
Christopher J. Lahr, Archana Kedar and Thomas L. Abell
vii
viii Contents
Biomagnetic Signatures of Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity . . . . . . 141
L. Alan Bradshaw, Juliana K. Kim, Leo K. Cheng and William O. Richards
Modelling Tissue Electrophysiology in the GI Tract:
Past, Present and Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Alberto Corrias, Peng Du and Martin L. Buist
Colonic Manometry: What Do the Squiggly Lines Really Tell Us? . . . 197
Phil G. Dinning
Spatiotemporal Mapping Techniques for Quantifying Gut Motility. . . 219
Patrick W. M. Janssen and Roger G. Lentle
Computational Modeling of Gastrointestinal Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . 243
Maria J. Ferrua and R. Paul Singh
New Advances in Gastrointestinal Motility
Research
Leo K. Cheng and Gianrico Farrugia
Abstract Gastrointestinalmotilityis anarea ofresearch thathas gainedrenewed
interest in recent years. However, it is evident that there still remains much to be
learnt and discovered. The chapters in this volume entitled ‘‘New Advances in
GastrointestinalMotilityResearch’’resultfromameetingwhichtookplaceatThe
University of Auckland, New Zealand in October/November 2011 and provide a
summary of discussions. Both the meeting and this book were brainchilds of
Professor Andrew Pullan. However, Professor Andrew Pullan tragically passed
away between the inception and completion of this series. This book not simply
dedicated to him and his family but is a reflection of his ideas and work. The 12
remaining chapters of this volume are arranged into 4 broad sections: covering
gastrointestinal cellular activity and tissue structure; techniques for measuring,
analyzing and visualizing high-resolution extra-cellular recordings; methods for
modulatinggastricelectricalactivityaswellassensingtheresultantactivityusing
non-invasive bio-electro-magnetic fields; and finally methods for assessing man-
ometric and videographic motility patterns and the application of these data for
predicting the flow and mixing behavior of luminal contents by using computa-
tional fluid dynamic techniques. As a result, this volume aims to provide both an
overviewofexistingresearchtechniquesoverarangeofresearchareasaswellas
to highlight future directions and challenges for the community as a whole.
L.K.Cheng(&)
AucklandBioengineeringInstitute,TheUniversityofAuckland,PrivateBag92019,
Auckland1142,NewZealand
e-mail:[email protected]
L.K.Cheng
DepartmentofSurgery,VanderbiltUniversity,Nashville,TN,USA
G.Farrugia
EntericNeuroscienceProgram,DivisionofGastroenterology&Hepatology,MayoClinic,
Rochester,MN,USA
L.K.Chengetal.(eds.),NewAdvancesinGastrointestinalMotilityResearch, 1
LectureNotesinComputationalVisionandBiomechanics10,
DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-6561-0_1,(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
2 L.K.ChengandG.Farrugia
1 Introduction
There are 3 editors of this book. New Advances in Gastrointestinal Motility
Research is a compilation of chapters written by experts who gathered in Auck-
land,NewZealandinlateOctoberandearlyNovemberof2011todiscussboththe
recentprogressinourunderstandingofgastrointestinalmotilityandwhatresearch
stillneedstobedone.Boththemeetingandthesubsequentbookwerebrainchilds
of Professor Andrew Pullan. Professor Pullan was a force of nature, working
tirelessly to advance the field by combining the best of the engineering and
medical fields. Professor Andrew Pullan tragically passed away between the
inception and completion of this series, yet his hand is visible in each and every
chapter.Thisbooknotsimplydedicatedtohimandhisfamilybutisareflectionof
his ideas and work. We will all miss him very much.
Themotilityofthegastrointestinal(GI)tractisgovernedbyrhythmicelectrical
patterns known as slow waves. These observations were first reported by Walter
Alvarezinthe 1920sandonlyfollowed thedemonstrationbyAugustusWallerof
the human electrocardiograms by approximately 30 years [2, 1, 9]. However,
while electrophysiological recordings now play an integral part in cardiology, the
understanding of gastrointestinal motility remains comparatively still in its
infancy.Thediscoverythatthepresenceandnormalfunctionofinterstitialcellsof
Cajal (ICC) are necessary for normal GI motility has confirmed a hypothesis first
proposedbyRamonyCajalwherehedescribedacelltypethathespeculatedmay
modifysmoothmusclecontraction[3,10,6].Evenmorerecently,thedegradation
of ICC networks has been associated with a number of motility disorders such as
gastroparesis, slow transit constipation and intestinal pseudo-obstruction [8, 4, 5,
11,7].Areasofcurrentresearchincludehowtheelectricalpatternsaregenerated,
how they are altered in motility disorders, how that electrical activity correlates
with changes in contractile patterns and how these factors correlates with altera-
tions in underlying tissue structure.
Recent advances in the techniques for measuring the structure and function of
gastrointestinal cells, tissue and organs now provides a wealth of data on
physiologicalfunction.Theabilitytointegratethesedataintobiophysicallybased
computation models provides the ability to both confirm and aid in interpretation
of experimental and clinical measurements and the refinement of measurement
techniques.
Each chapter of this volume covers an area of gastrointestinal motility at a
different spatialscale and includes historical, current and future perspectives on a
research related to gastrointestinal motility. Loosely grouped into four sections:
‘‘Role of Ion Channel Mechanosensitivity in the Gut: Mechano-Electrical
Feedback Exemplified by Stretch-Dependence of Na 1.5’’ and ‘‘ICC Network
v
Density:RegulationandConsequences’’reviewthecellularfunctionandthetissue
structure of the GI tract in health and disease. The three chapters ‘‘The Principles
and Practice of Gastrointestinal High-Resolution Electrical Mapping’’,
‘‘Quantitative Analysis of Electrical Activity in the Gastrointestinal Tract’’ and
