Table Of ContentPatrick Cohendet· Marc 1. Ledoux
Ehud Zuscovitch
New Advanced
Materials
Economic Dynamics and European Strategy
A Report from the FAST Programme of the
Commission of the European ComlTIunities
English Version Edited by: Marc J. Ledoux
In Cooperation with:
Isabelle Boudoux, Philippe Capdevielle, Michele Forte
Frederic Heran, Jean -Alain Heraud, Daniele Kieny, Patrick
Llerena, Remy Risser, Renate Schwarz and Marc Willinger
With the Assistance of:
Yves Ayrault, Laurent Bach, Godefroy Dang Nguyen
and Jean Troton
Translated by: M. Bettison, I. Smith and R. Tanner
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Professor Dr. Patrick Cohendet
Universite Louis Pasteur, Bureau d'Economie Theorique et Appliquee
(BETA), 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
Dr. Marc 1. Ledoux
CNRS -Universite Louis Pasteur, Bureau d'Economie Theorique et
Appliquee (BETA), 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
Dr. Ehud Zuscovitch
Universite Louis Pasteur, Bureau d'Economie Theorique et Appliquee
(BETA), 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
With 44 Figures
This book has been published in a French edition under the title:
Les Materiaux Nouveaux
Dynamique economique et strategie europeenne
Economica
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-19414-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73809-8
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-73809-8
ThiS work is subject to copyright. All nghts are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is
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© ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg, 1988
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. In this publication does not imply, even in the absence
ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations
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Typeset by Heinz-Dieter Ecker on TEX, under assistance ofSfb 303 at the Umversity of Bonn.
2142/7130-543210
Introducing the Research Team which Carried out
the Study
Study directors and editors of the final report
Patrick COHENDET,
Professor of economic sciences, co-director of BETA (Bureau
d'Economie Theorique et Appliquee)
Marc-Jacques LEDOUX,
CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique national
scientific research centre) research officer, Chemistry
Department, Universite Louis Pasteur ;
Ehud ZUSCOVITCH,
Lecturer in economic sciences, Universite Louis Pasteur.
Assisted with the study and the drafting of the report
Isabelle BOUDOUX,
Documentalist at the Universite Louis Pasteur (general
documentation for the study) ;
Philippe CAPDEVIELLE,
Researcher with Cia-CEREQ/BETA (co-drafting of Chapters 1.2, 11.3,
111.3 and drafting of the technical appendix on steels in French
edition) ;
Michele FORTE,
Visiting lecturer, Strasbourg III University (co-drafting of
Chapter V.4) ;
Frederic HERAN,
Researcher with Cia-CEREQ/BETA (co-drafting of Chapter V.4) ;
Jean-Alain HERAUD,
Lecturer in economic sciences, Universite Louis Pasteur
(co-drafting of Chapter IV.2) ;
DaniiHe KIENY,
Studies manager at the Strasbourg Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(general documentation for the study preparation of the
technical appendix on ceramics in French edition) ;
v
Remy RISSER,
Researcher with BETA (co-drafting of Chapters I. 2, II. 3, III. 1 ,
111.3 and technical appendix on plastics in French edition);
Patrick LLERENA,
Researcher with BETA, Docteur d'Etat (drafting of Chapter 11.5)
Renate SCHWARZ,
Researcher with BETA, (co-drafting of the technical appendix on
plastics in French edition and contribution to section V.2.3) ;
Marc WILLINGER,
Visiting lecturer, Strasbourg III University (drafting of Chapters
11.2 and 11.4, co-drafting of Chapter 111.1 and drafting of the
technical appendix on composites in French edition).
Assisted with the drafting of the final report
Yves AYRAULT,
Director of the Strasbourg School of Architecture (Chapter 111.3);
Laurent BACH
Researcher with BETA (section V.3.l) ;
Godefroy DANG NGUYEN,
Lecturer, CNET (Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications -
national telecommunications research centre) (section IV.l.2) ;
Jean TROTON,
Researcher with BETA (section V.3.l).
Layout and typing of the final report
Christine DEMANGE and Sandra ZEVIAN,
BETA Secretariat.
Supervision of the study in the Commission
For the FAST Project
Riccardo PETRELLA,
FAST Project Director.
Werner WOBBE.
VI
For the EURAM Project
J.G. WURM,
Head of EURAM Programme on Materials Technology.
The BETA team wishes to thank all those who contributed through
their ideas and support to the considerations presented in this report,
and in particular :
Jean-Claude BERNIER,
Professor, Strasbourg, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Europeennes des
Industries Chimiques, for many useful discussions on the future of
engineering ceramics ;
Catherine GARDETTE,
(Cabinet Arthur Andersen, Strasbourg), who initiated the group's
consideration of packaging materials ;
Sonia GEORGENTHUM,
(Alsace Regional Authority) , who initiated the group's
consideration of semiconductors
Pierre-Fran~ois GOBIN,
Professor, materials sciences, INSA (Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique - national scientific research centre),
Lyons, many of whose ideas are embodied in the text ;
D. EVANS and D.M. JACOBSON,
(GEC Hirst Research Centre, Wembley, United Kingdom) for their
contribution on metal materials ;
Dominique MUSTER,
(research laboratory of the Stomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery
Department, University Louis Pasteur, for his contribution on
biomaterials ;
Pierre PANISSOD,
Research Director CNRS, LMSES, Universite Louis Pasteur ;
Paul SIFFERT,
Professor, PHASE laboratory director, for his unfailing support,
particularly during the MRS Colloquy ;
Pierre WIPPLER,
Professor, Charles Sadron Laboratory, CNRS-Universite Louis
Pasteur.
VII
Various events (colloquies, congresses, seminars, talks, etc
... ) also brought the members of the research team into contact with
people whose ideas have been incorporated into this report. BETA owes
special thanks to Jean-Pierre CAUSSE, Deputy Managing Director,
responsible for research (Saint-Gobain Company), Catherine BLUNDEN
(Chargee de mission, CGP-Commissariat General du Plan), Pierre FRECHET,
Director of Technology (Rh6ne-Poulenc) and Jean HANUS, Professor,
director of the CNRS Pro jet Interdisciplinaire Mecanique des Materiaux,
for profitable exchanges during the preparation of "Forecast 2005"
(CGP-CNRS) all members of the Lyons ECT team whom they met at a
seminar in Arc-et-Senans and who, headed by Henri JACOT, are working on
a further materials project.
Lastly, the Materials Centre in Strasbourg provided the group
with a most fruitful and stimulating atmosphere in which to carry out
this task.
VIII
Page
INTRODUCING THE RESEARCH TEAM WHICH CARRIED OUT THE STUDY V
Table of contents IX
Foreword 1
INTRODUCTION 2
PART I : A TRIAL DEFINITION OF MATERIALS : TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF 21
MATERIALS TO ASSIST THE UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT CHANGES
CHAPTER I.1 : "New" Materials versus "Old" Materials a 22
Groundless Controversy
1.1.1 - "New" materials 24
I.1.2 - "Old" materials 27
CHAPTER 1.2 : From Macroscopic to Microscopic Industrial Mastery 32
of Materials : the Characteristics of the New Materials
1.2.1 - Characteristics of materials in the growth economy 32
(1950-1970)
1.2.1.1 - Technical characteristics macroscopic mastery 32
of materials
1.2.1.2 - Economic characteristics 33
I.2.1.3 - Limitation of variety 35
I.2.2 - New materials: a response to the appearance of new 36
constraints (1970-1980)
I.2.3 - Microscopic mastery of materials and its consequence 41
IX
CHAPTER 1.3 Structural Materials and Functional Materials 44
1.3.1 - Structural materials 44
1.3.2 - Functional materials 48
1.3.3 - Comments 50
PART II STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 51
CHAPTER 11.1 : Introduction: Variety, Complexity, Integration. 51
The Role of Structural Materials in the Transition to a New
Information-rich Production System
11.1.1 - The growth of variety 52
11.1.2 - The growth of complexity 53
11.1.3 - New methods and the integration process 54
11.1.4 - Study plan for structural materials 58
CHAPTER 11.2 : Intra-materials Variety Competition and Know-how 59
as Exemplified by Composites
11.2.1 - Composite materials: the goals of competition 60
11.2.1.1 - Historical background 60
11.2.1.2 - Technical description 61
11.2.1.3 - Learning and dissemination of innovation 62
11.2.2 - Strategy and competition in composite materials 64
11.2.2.1 - Integration of bodies of knowledge and 64
functional redesign
- The evolution of the conceptual approach to 64
material
x
- Redesign of components by integration 66
11.2.2.2 - Manufacturing processes and acquisition of 70
knowledge
- Analysis of the composites "route" 70
- Alternative knowledge acquisition patterns 71
CHAPTER I I. 3 "Inter-materials" Variety and the Overchoice 74
Phenomenon
11.3.1 - The limits to overchoice towards alliances of 75
materials
11.3.2 - The coherence of overchoice 82
11.3.3 - Management of variety 86
11.3.3.1 - Scientific and technological management of 87
variety
II.3.3.2 - Industrial management of variety 88
11.3.3.3 - Commercial management of variety 89
II.3.3.4 - Strategic management of variety 90
11.3.3.5 - Organizational management of variety 91
CHAPTER 11.4 : Transient and Permanent Variety. From Management of 92
Uncertainty to Management of Complexity
11.4.1 - Management of transition 94
11.4.1.1 - Management of substitutions 95
Constitution of passive portfolios the value 96
of options in an uncertain world
- Constitution of active portfolios accelerating 97
XI
