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A-Level
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Question Cards
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How To Use These Cards
Cards covering all the core content,
plus Year 2 options 9-12.
(Option 13: ‘Electronics’ isn’t covered in these cards.)
Questions on all the key 23. Moments Section 4 — Mechanics
course content, as well as Quick Questions
1) State the principle of moments.
on practicals and maths 2) WA.hicFh arrangemeFnt below showBs. a Fcouple acting Fon the seesawC?. F F
skills – you’ll need a
Now try these:
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45)) EiTaTWUn oxhfssrph eeeialear attdtntthi neadefeocs n w khterdo c hqit seBhyuh p e aomtoi thlvsfiduoeeo st nucthtseo ptetmudn h odh doeanee mrsfexnore etiueekt nf nennoitndydd f=d ctoulse ho sFfgieme dtst .hah tptoleaora r er dkdteaeheeddeser ykp t tdo,a o tea th wtsstaek ihgsc ,dhh ehtoetnehesw detnk hn ssasete t ouytbil dnloio?ne tlf stnh eltweer a gthr ssiee.kg nnhs d t t. h A e .y 65.0 c13m3552.0 N cmast uladneknyt
Section 4 — Mechanics 23. Moments
ANSWERS
1) Tabhoeu pt rainncyi pploe inotf emqoumalse nthtse sstuamte so tfh tahte f oarn taic bloocdkyw tiose b me oinm eeqnutisli barbiuomut, tthhee ssaumme o pfo tihnet. clockwise moments Complete answers to
23)) B0..0 5A2 c mou. p Rlee acrornasnisgtes eoqfu tawtioo np aforarl lde,l fdo r=ce ms oacmtienngt i n÷ oFp =po 0s.i7te3 d÷ir 1e4ct =io n0s.,0 t5o2 1p4ro...d =uc 0e. 0a5 t2u rmni n(tgo e 2ff esc.ft..) each question.
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Handy tips on every card.
TIPWacth tehnr oduegahli ntgh ew pitihvo ttu ornf itnhge esfyfesctet mq uwesotnio'tn ps,r otadkuec ea am momomenetn t(,h saihnace) ttoh ecirh edcikst awnhceer ef rothme pthiveo pt iivso. t Awnilyl bfoer czeesr ot.hat
Published by CGP
Editors: Georgina Fairclough, Emily Garrett, Josie Gilbert, Duncan Lindsay, Luke Molloy,
Charlotte Sheridan and Sarah Williams.
With thanks to Mark Edwards and Glenn Rogers for the proofreading.
PAF71 ~ 0720 - 21258
Clipart from Corel®
Text, design, layout and original illustrations © Coordination Group Publications Ltd. (CGP) 2020.
All rights reserved.
1. Atomic Structure Section 1 — Particles
Quick Questions
1) What are the relative charges of a proton, a neutron and an electron?
2) What particles make up the nucleus of an atom?
3) What number is the same for two isotopes of the same element?
Now try these:
4) Give the nuclide notation of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (H) with one proton and one neutron.
5) The nuclide notation of chlorine-35 is 35C. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in
17
a chlorine-35 ion with a relative charge of –1?
6) All living things contain the same percentage of radioactive carbon-14 taken in from the atmosphere.
After they die, the amount of carbon-14 inside them decreases over time as it decays to stable elements.
A group of archaeologists dig up a wooden spoon. Suggest how isotopic
35 years ofarchaeology
data can help them to determine the approximate age of this spoon. and all Ifind is a spoon.
7) Calculate the specific charge of the nucleus of one carbon atom,12C. Just... no one talk to
6 me right now...
The magnitude of the charge of an electron is 1.60 × 10–19 C, the mass
of a proton is 1.67 × 10–27 kg and the mass of a neutron is 1.67 × 10–27 kg.
TIP Remember to give numerical answers to the smallest number of significant figures used in the question. And I’m
not talking about notable people here — if there’s any mention of Cleopatra, you might be in the wrong exam.
Section 1 — Particles 1. Atomic Structure
ANSWERS
1) Proton = +1. Neutron = 0. Electron = –1.
2) Protons and neutrons.
3) The proton number. Two isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons.
4) 2H. Nuclide notation is of the form AX where X is the element, A is the nucleon number (total number of
1 Z
protons and neutrons) and Z is the proton number (number of protons). Deuterium has a proton number
of 1 and a nucleon number of 2 so its nuclide notation is 2H.
1
5) 17 protons, 18 neutrons, 18 electrons. The proton number is 17.
Overall charge is –1 so it must have one more electron than the number of protons.
No. of neutrons = nucleon number – proton number = 35 – 17 = 18 neutrons.
6) As the spoon is made out of wood, the archaeologists can use data on the amount of each isotope present in
the spoon to find the percentage of carbon-14 which remains, and therefore its approximate age.
7) 4.79 × 107 Ckg –1. A12Cnucleus has 6 protons and 12 – 6 = 6 neutrons. A neutron has
6
no charge and the magnitude of the charge of a proton is the same as an electron.
Charge of a 12C nucleus = no. of protons × charge of one proton = 6 × 1.60 × 10–19 = 9.6 × 10–19 C
6
Mass = no. of protons and neutrons × mass of one proton/neutron = 12 × 1.67 × 10–27 = 2.004 × 10–26 kg
charge 9.6×10-19
Specific charge = = = 4.790... × 107 = 4.79 × 107 Ckg–1 (to 3 s.f.)
mass 2.004×10-26
2. Stable and Unstable Nuclei Section 1 — Particles
Quick Questions
1) Which particle was hypothesised in order to explain why
energy didn’t appear to be conserved in beta decay?
2) What would happen to a nucleus if there was no strong nuclear force in the nucleus?
Now try these:
3) If two protons are separated by a distance of 0.3 fm,
will they be attracted or repelled by each other?
4) Uranium-238 (238U) decays to thorium (Th) via alpha decay.
92
Give the balanced nuclear equation for this reaction.
5) An atom of carbon-14 (A = 14, Z = 6) decays to nitrogen via
beta-minus decay. What is the balanced nuclear equation for this reaction?
The chemical symbol for carbon is C and the chemical symbol for nitrogen is N. Although she had a
lot of mass, Lucy was
6) If all the atoms in a radioactive sample were to decay, would the sample’s
feeling very stable.
percentage mass decrease be larger if it underwent alpha or beta-minus decay?
Explain your answer. You can assume any particles released during the decay leave
the sample and that any change in mass due to mass defects is negligible.
Section 1 — Particles 2. Stable and Unstable Nuclei
ANSWERS
1) The neutrino. (We now know that the particle actually released in beta decay is an antineutrino.)
2) Nucleons would fly apart due to the repulsive electrostatic force between protons.
3) Repelled. For distances below around 0.5 fm the strong nuclear force is repulsive.
4) 238U$234Th+4a .
92 90 2
An alpha particle containing 2 neutrons and 2 protons is emitted so the nucleon number goes down by 4 and
the proton number goes down by 2.
5) 164C$174N+-10b+ue.
A neutron changes into a proton, so the nucleon number stays the same and the proton number increases
by one. A beta-minus particle / an electron is emitted, and an antineutrino is also emitted to ensure energy
conservation.
6) Alpha decay. During beta-minus decay, an atom loses no nucleons as a neutron changes to a proton, so the
percentage mass decrease would be zero. During alpha decay, one atom loses 4 nucleons, so there would be
a percentage mass decrease greater than zero.
TIP The strong nuclear force is odd — the distance between two particles dictates whether it produces an attractive
or repulsive force. But without it atoms wouldn’t exist, and the universe would be unimaginably different...
3. Particles and Antiparticles Section 1 — Particles
Quick Questions
1) Give two properties that are the same for both a particle and its antiparticle.
2) What are the relative charges of a positron and an antiproton?
3) What is meant by annihilation between particles?
Now try these:
hc
4) A photon has 8.15 × 10–14 J of energy. What is the wavelength of this photon? Use the equation E =
l
where h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js and c = 3.00 × 108 ms–1.
5) A photon with a frequency of 3.74 × 1020 Hz produces an electron-positron
pair, each with the same amount of energy. How much energy does each
particle have? Use the equation E = hf where h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js.
6) What is the minimum energy (in J) that a photon must have in order to produce a proton-antiproton pair?
Rest energy of a proton = 938.257 MeV. The magnitude of the charge on an electron = 1.60 × 10–19 C.
7) Calculate the minimum frequency of one of the photons produced when a neutron and an antineutron
annihilate each other. Use the equation E = hf where h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js. The rest energy of
a neutron = 939.551 MeV and the magnitude of the charge on an electron is 1.60 × 10–19 C.
TIP You’ll be given the rest energy of particles in MeV in the exam, so you’ll need to convert this to joules before
you jump into calculating f or l. Missing out on marks because you’ve got the wrong units just won’t do.
Section 1 — Particles 3. Particles and Antiparticles
ANSWERS
1) E.g. mass and rest energy.
2) Positron = +1. Antiproton = –1. Antiparticles have an opposite charge to their particles and the relative
charges of an electron and proton are –1 and +1 respectively.
3) Annihilation is when a particle meets its antiparticle and the combined mass gets converted to energy in the
form of two photons.
hc 6.63×10-34×3.00×108
4) 2.44 × 10–12 m. l = = = 2.4404... × 10–12 = 2.44 × 10–12 m (to 3 s.f.).
E 8.15×10-14
5) 1.24 × 10–13 J. E = hf = 6.63 × 10–34 × 3.74 × 1020 = 2.47962 × 10– 13 J . This energy is divided equally
between the twoph potaonrticles, so E =Ephoton =2.47962×10-13 = 1.23981 × 10 –13 = 1.24 × 10–13 J (to 3 s.f.).
particle 2 2
6) 3.00 × 10–10 J. For this pair production, the minimum energy (E ) is the total rest energy of
min
the proton and antiproton. The rest energy of an antiproton is the same as a proton (E), so
0
E = 2E = 2 × 938.257 = 1876.514 MeV. To convert E into eV, multiply by 106. To convert into joules,
min 0 min
multiply by 1.60 × 10–19. So E = 1876.514 × 106 × 1.60 × 10–19 = 3.002... × 10–10 = 3.00 × 10–10 J (to 3 s.f.)
min
7) 2.27 × 1023 Hz. A pair of photons are produced when the particles annihilate, each with the same energy.
The rest energy of a neutron is the same as an antineutron (E). For energy to be conserved, both photons
0
need to have a minimum energy (E ) which when added together equals at least the total rest energy of the
min
particles (2E), so 2E = 2E and therefore E = E = 939.551 × 106 × 1.60 × 10–19 = 1.503... x 10–10 J.
0 min 0 min 0
E = hf . So f = Emin = 1.503...×10-10 = 2.267... × 1023 = 2.27 × 1023 Hz (to 3 s.f.)
min min min h 6.63×10-34
4. Forces and Exchange Particles (1) Section 1 — Particles
Quick Questions
1) Which exchange particles are exchanged in electromagnetic interactions?
2) True or false? As exchange particles, pions are exchanged between hadrons only.
3) How are exchange particles represented in particle interaction diagrams?
Now try these: e–
4) The particle interaction diagram for beta-minus decay is
shown on the right. What are the missing labels?
5) A K0 particle is a hadron with no charge. A K0 particle and
a proton are attracted towards each other. Why isn’t it possible n
for this interaction to be due to the electromagnetic force?
6) The diagram on the left shows the particle interaction diagram
p p for two protons repelling due to their positive charge.
– Give two errors in this diagram.
(cid:31)
7) A tau particle is a negatively-charged lepton that decays into
p p
a tau-neutrino, an electron antineutrino and an electron.
Determine which force causes this interaction.
Suggest an exchange particle for this interaction.
