Table Of ContentNeutron Stars: Theory and Observation
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seriesC:MathematicalandPhysicalSCiences·Vol.344
Neutron Stars:
Theory and Observation
edited by
Joseph Ventura
Department of Physics,
University of Crete
and IESL, Research Center of Crete,
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
and
David Pines
Department of Physics,
University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, IL, U.S.A.
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Neutron Stars: An Interdisciplinary Field
Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece
September 3-14, 1990
Library of Congress cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neutron stars: theory and observation / edited by Joseph Ventura and
David Pines.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and
physical sciences; vol. 344)
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute.
Includes bibllographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-94-010-5565-9 ISBN 978-94-011-3536-8 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-3536-8
1. Neutron stars--Congresses. I. Ventura, Joseph. II. Pines,
Oavld, 1924- III. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C,
Mathematlcal and physlcal sciences; no. 344.
OBS43.N4N49 1991
523.S·S74--dc20 91-25032
ISBN 978-94-010-5565-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ix
1. INSIDE NEUTRON STARS
C.J. PethickandD.O.Ravenhall:AnIntroductiontoMatteratSubnuclear
Densities 3
O. Baym: The High Density Interiors ofNeutron Stars 21
J. Wambach,T.L. AinsworthandD.Pines: PairingInteractionsinNeutron
Stars 37
M.A. Alpar: Superfluid Dynamics in Neutron Stars 49
D. Pines:NeutronStarsasCosmicHadron Physics Laboratories: What
Glitches Teach Us 57
M. Ruderman: Neutron Star Plate Tectonics 71
H. Ogelman: Thermal Emission of Pulsars 87
2. FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
D. Bhattacharya: The Formation ofNeutron Stars in the Galaxy 103
W. Hillebrandt: CoreCollapseSupernovaeandNeutronStarFormation 125
K. Nomoto,T. Shigeyama, S. Kumagai, H. Yamaoka,T. Tsujimoto:
Neutron Star Formation in Close Binary Systems 143
E.P.J. vandenHeuvel: EvolutionofCloseBinariesand the Formation
of Millisecond Radio Pulsars 171
M. Tavani: Vaporizing Neutron Stars in LMXR Binaries and the
Statistics of Millisecond Pulsars 197
J. Shaham: CompanionWinds Excited by Neutron Star Radiation in
LMXBS and Millisecond Pulsars 203
D. BhattacharyaandO. Srinivasan:The Evolution of Neutron Star
Magnetic Fields 219
D.O. Yakovlev: Electrical Conductivity of Neutron Star Cores and
Evolution ofInternal Magnetic Fields 235
3. OBSERVATIONS ON BINARIES AND QPO's
J. van Paradijs: Neutron Stars in X-ray Binaries 245
J. van Paradijs: Optical Light Curves ofX-Ray Binaries 289
M. van der Klis: Observations ofZ and Atoll Sources 319
vi
4. PULSARAND X-RAY EMISSION
J.M. Rankin: An Empirical Theory ofPulsar Emission 349
P. Ghoshand F.K. Lamb: Plasma PhysicsofAccretingNeutron Stars 363
F.K.Lamb: UnifiedModelofX-RaySpectraandQPOsin
Low Mass Neutron Star Binaries 445
P. M~szlb'os: AccretingPulsars,Gamma-RayBurstersandLMXB as
High Energy Polarized Sources 483
A.R. King: Accretion Flows on to Neutron Stars 493
J.M. Hameury: Soft X-ray Transients 501
J.P. Lasota: Slowly Accreting Neutron Stars ("SANS") 515
5. BURSTS AND TeVEMISSION
D.Q. Lamb: X-ray Bursts 531
D.Q. Lamb: Gamma-ray Bursts 545
G.G. Pavlov, A.D. Kaminker and P.G. Mamradze: Annihilation
RadiationinStrongMagneticFields and Gamma-RayBurst
Spectra 561
O.C. De Jager: The Searchfor TeV Emission from Neutron Stars 571
SUBJECT AND OBJECT INDEX 579
PREFACE
Some twenty-three years after the discovery of pulsars and their identification as
rotatingneutronstars,neutronstarphysicsmay beregardedas comingofage. Pul
sars and accreting neutron stars have now been studied at every wavelength,from
the initialradio observations, through optical, X-, and "{-ray, up to the very recent
observations in the TeV region, while theorists have studiedin some detail relevant
physicalprocessesbothoutside andinsideneutronstars. Asa result, comparisonof
theory withobservation providesa testofour theoreticalideasinfields as diverseas
neutron and nuclear matter, superfluidity and superconductivity, the acceleration
of high energy particles, and the generation and maintenance ofintense magnetic
fields. For example, through observations of glitches and post glitch behavior of
pulsars, it has become possible to establish the presence ofsuperfluid neutron mat
ter in the inner crust of neutron stars, and to determine some of its properties,
while neutronstarsin compact binary systems offeroneofthe most efficient energy
generation mechanisms known. It is in fact the interactive interpretation of these
,diverse pieces ofinformation that can lead to major advancesin our understanding
ofthe physics ofthese exotic objects, and justifies the characterization ofneutron
stars as hadron physics laboratories.
The NATO Advanced StudyInstitute, whoseproceedingsarepresentedinthis
volume, was thereforedesigned tobringtogether theorists andobserversinaneffort
to confront theory with observation, to determine where either further theoretical
work is called for to understand observations, or where future observations might
resolve conflicting theoretical proposals. In so doing, we were fortunate to have
among the participants a number of the pioneers of neutron star physics whose
papers written in the late sixties and early seventies have served as benchmarks in
the field.
During the meeting, a number ofrecent observationalfindings, including mil
lisecond pulsars, the presence of QPO oscillations in the temporal variation of
several low mass X-ray binaries, and their proposed evolutionary link to millisec
ond pulsars, as well as the recent observations of very high energy gamma-rays
from binaries, were reviewed and discussed. The recent successful deployment of
ROBAT with its demonstrated improved capability for observing faint sources in
the soft X-ray region, raises the expectation that someofthe outstanding problems
in neutron star physics may come to their resolution. Gamma ray bursts havelong
been thought to originate at thesurface ofneutron stars,a hypothesis strengthened
by recent GINGA cyclotron line observations. Theoretical ideas concerning these
violent events are extensively discussed in the ensuing pages.
Particular attention was paid to the secular evolution of neutron star mag
netic fields; from analyses of recent observations, both speakers and participants
concluded that the commonly held view, that solitary pulsar fields decay sponta
neously within time-scales of the order of several million years, can no longer be
supported. Recent evidence appears, in fact, to link field decay to mass accretion
onto the neutron star during its evolution in a binary. Millisecond pulsars would
vii
viii
then result after the final detachment or "evaporation" ofthe neutron star's com
panion. Recent theoretical work reviewed further indicates that the core magnetic
field-which exists in the form of fluxoids imbedded in the neutron superfluid
might decrease as a result of the pulsar spin-down, due to the expulsion of the
pinned fluxoids as the density of the rotational vortices decreases with the spin
down.
In addition to recent advances in understanding the nuclear constitution of
neutron stars, new work on the core conductivity, and its role in determining the
evolution ofthe magnetic field, was reported. Recent calculations ofproton super
conductivity, which may also influence the secular timescale of the magnetic field,
are likewise reviewed.
We havethus attempted tohaveagood mixoftheory andobservation,as well
as between the tutorial and current research aspects in the lectures, and thanks to
the close cooperation ofthe lecturers, we feel that we have come close to achieving
this goal.
In the first part of these proceedings, our present understanding of the for
mation, structure, and dynamics of neutron stars is reviewed. The second part
is devoted to the formation and evolution of neutron stars, while the third part
focuses on observations. In the fourth chapter, the plasma physics of accreting
neutron stars and theories of pulsar and X-ray emission are reviewed. The last
chapter is devoted to theoretical and observational work on X- and gamma-ray
bursts, and TeV emission.
The Institute would not have been possible without the grant ofthe NATO
Advanced Study Institute Program; we thank the Committee for their generous
support. We are also indebted to the Research Center ofCrete and the Greek Sec
retariat for Research and Technology for their support. In selecting the lecturers,
and in running this Institute, we benefitted greatly from the advice and assis
tance of our fellow members of the scientific organizing committee, J. P. Lasota,
H. Ogelman, C. J. Pethick, and J. Triimper. We are further indebted to Joachim
Triimper and the Max Planck Institut fiir extraterrestrischePhysikfor helpingsup
port the Institute by enabling a sizeable number ofits scientists to participate. It
is finally a special pleasure to thank Nick Kylafis for his continuing assistance and
Lia Papadopoulou for her devoted services.
J. Ventura, Heraklion, Crete
D. Pines, Urbana-Champaign
June 1991
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Aysun AkyUz Cukurova University, Turkey
Ali Alpar Middle East Technical University, Turkey
E. Asseo Ecole Polytechnique, France
ZSolt Bagoly Roland Eotvos University, Hungary
Matthew Bailes NRAL, UK
Menashe Banit Columbia University, USA
Altan Baykal Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Gordon Baym University of Illinois-Urbana, USA
Werner Becker MPI fUr Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany
Tomaso Belloni MPI fUr Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany
D. Bhattacharya University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Javier Bonatti Universitiit Tubingen, Germany
C. Marcella Carolo MPE, Germany
Vittorio M. Canuto NASA, USA
K.S. Cheng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jacqueline Cote University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Giancarlo Cusumano I.F.C.A.I./C.N.R., Italy
Bhaskar Datta Indian Institute of Astrophysics, India
O.c. de Jager Potchesfstroom University, South Africa
Stefano del Sordo I.F.C.A.I./C.N.R., Italy
Roger S. Foster University of California, USA
Andrew S. Fruchter Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA
Ulrich Geppert Institut fUr Kosmosforchung, Germany
Rolf Geprags Universitiit TUbingen, Germany
Pranab Ghosh University of Illinois-Urbana, USA
Janusz A. Gil Pedagogical University, Poland
Fatma Gtik Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Theofanis Grammenos University of Athens, Greece
Jochen Greiner Institut fUr Kosmosforschung, Germany
Isabelle Grenier CEN Saclay, France
M. Donata Guarnieri Osservatorio Astronomico-Torino, Italy
Jean-Marie Hameury Observatoire Meudon, France
ix
x
Wolfgang Hillebrandt MPI tur Astrophysik, Germany
Naold Itoh Sophia University, Japan
Simon Johnston NRAL, UK
Martin H. Kaiser Universitat TUbingen, Germany
,-
Vassillld Kalogera 13 Leoforos Stratou, Thessaloniki, Greece
Eckhard Kendziorra Universitat TUbingen, Germany
Alan D. Kerrick University of California, USA
Andrew King University of Leicester, UK
Umit KiziloglU Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Wlodzimierz Kluzniak Columbia University, USA
Chryssa Kouveliotou University of Athens, Greece
Wolfgang Kundt Universitat Bonn, Germany
Mathias Kunz Universitilt TUbingen, Germany
Nick Kylafis University of Crete, Greece
Don Q. Lamb University of Chicago, USA
Frederick K. Lamb University of Illinois-Urbana, USA
Jean-Pierre Lasota Observatoire Meudon, France
Bennett Link Los Alamos National Lab., USA
Andrew G. Lyne University of Manchester, UK
Apostolos Mastichiadis MPI tur Kemphysik, Germany
Fotis Mavromatakis University of Crete, Greece
Peter Mc!szaros Pennsylvania State University, USA
Bruno Mony Universitiit TUbingen, Germany
H.I. Nel Potchefstroom University, South Africa
Hans-Peter Nollert Universitilt TUbingen, Germany
Ken'ichi Nomoto University of Tokyo, Japan
Laura Norci CNR-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale, Italy
Hakld Ogelman MPI tur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany
Marina Orio Osservatorio Astronomico Torino, Italy
Dany P. Page Columbia University, USA
Hara 'Papathanasiou Evzonon 42, Greece
Costas Pavlakis University of Crete, Greece
George Pavlov loffe Institute, USSR
