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F. Mezei C. Pappas T. Gutberlet (Eds.)
Neutron Spin Echo
Spectroscopy
Basics, Trends and Applications
1 3
Editors
Prof.FerencMezei Dr.ThomasGutberlet
Dr.CatherinePappas PaulScherrerInstitut
Hahn-Meitner-InstitutBerlin LaboratoryforNeutronScattering
GlienickerStr.100 5232VilligenPSI
14109Berlin,Germany Switzerland
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ISSN0075-8450
ISBN3-540-44293-6Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
By involuntary timing this volume will appear almost exactly thirty years after
neutron spin echo (NSE) was discovered and the echo effect was experimen-
tally first demonstrated in April 1972 at the Budapest Research Reactor on the
forested hills around the city. The idea to organize the present volume arose
during a recent workshop1 which followed by twenty years the first workshop
devoted to the technique of NSE and research using NSE held at ILL2,3.
Thecontextandcontentofthetwoworkshopswere,ofcourse,verydifferent.
In 1979 there was just one operational NSE spectrometer, the IN11 at ILL and
the discussion focussed on establishing the fundamental technique and review-
ing the first set of successful applications of the method in condensed matter
research. Today 13 NSE instruments serve a broad and well-established user
communityandmoremachinesarebeingplanned.Currentexamplesofresearch
results obtained by NSE spectroscopy well illustrate the broad relevance of the
method for the study of a variety of phenomena, including phase transitions,
magnetism, superconductivity and in particular soft matter in general, such as
polymers, liquids, glassy and biological systems.
A wealth of innovations proposed in the past two decades by quite a num-
ber of people have been realized. The zero field (ZF) or resonance NSE (NRSE)
variant was introduced some 15 years ago. At about the same time it was also
realized and demonstrated that the NSE principle can also be efficiently used
by neutron velocity dependent modulation of a parameter of the neutron beam
other than polarization, for example intensity. More recent years have seen a
particular surge of new ideas for extending both the techniques and the field
of applications to new domains such as to use the NSE principle in small an-
gle scattering, reflectometry, and to develop combinations of NSE and neutron
optical phenomena such as nuclear refractive index and interference effects.
On the other hand, instrument performance in those “classical” applications
in quasi-elastic scattering has also tremendously progressed. Resolutions avail-
able today exceed 200 ns (about 3 neV HWHM equivalent) compared to 10 ns
20 years ago. The technique of using high detector solid angles has also been
established with the actual capability of taking NSE data simultaneously in an
1 InternationalWorkshoponNeutronSpinEchoSpectroscopy.Hahn-Meitner-Institut,
Berlin, Germany, October 16.-17. 2000
2 NeutronSpinEcho,InstituteLaue-Langevin,Grenoble,France,October15.-16.1979
3 Neutron Spin Echo ed. by F. Mezei, Spinger Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980
VI Preface
angular range of about 30◦ to 80◦ with more than 200◦ in principle accessible
if one can afford to acquire a vast collection of either supermirror analysers or
polarized 3He filter cells.
Since its advent in the early seventies a broad range of applications have
beendevelopedcoveringthestudyofavarietyofphenomenaincondensedmat-
terresearch.Thepresentvolume,afterageneralintroductiontotheprinciplesof
NSE, gives detailed technical descriptions of various approaches and new devel-
opments in NSE instrumentation (Part I) and selected examples of NSE studies
(Part II).
The carefully selected contributions collected in this volume present to the
interestedreaderandresearchersrecentdevelopments,currentstatusandfuture
perspectivesofNSEresearch.Webelievetheywillnotonlyintroducenewcomers
tothefieldbydescribingprincipaltechniquesandapproachesbutalsohighlight
by examples the power and usefulness of NSE spectroscopy in various fields of
exploration of condensed matter.
The editors are most grateful to the authors of this volume for their cooper-
ation and fascinating contributions and to Springer Verlag for invaluable advice
and taking great care of this endeavor.
Berlin, Summer 2002 Ferenc Mezei
Catherine Pappas
Thomas Gutberlet
List of Contributors
Wim G. Bouwman Bela Farago
Interfacultair Reactor Instituut Institut Laue Langevin
Delft University of Technology 6 rue Jules Horowitz
Mekelweg 15 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9
2629 JB Delft France
The Netherlands [email protected]
[email protected]
Edward M. Forgan
Samrath L. Chaplot
School of Physics and Astronomy
Solid State Physics Division
University of Birmingham
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Birmingham, B15 2TT
Trombay, Mumbai 400085
United Kingdom
India
[email protected]
[email protected]
Juan Colmenero Alexander I. Frank
Unidad de F´ısica de Materiales Frank Laboratory of Neutron
(CSIC–UPV/EHU) Physics
Apartado 1072 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
20080 San Sebastia´n 141980, Dubna
Spain Russia [email protected]
[email protected]
Roland G¨ahler
Georg Ehlers
Institut Laue Langevin
Institut Laue Langevin
6 rue Jules Horowitz
6 rue Jules Horowitz
38042 Grenoble
38042 Grenoble Cedex 9
France
France
name@e-mail.*
[email protected]
Bernd Ewen Klaus Habicht
MPI fu¨r Polymerforschung Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin
Postfach 3148 Glienicker Str. 100
55021 Mainz 14109 Berlin
Germany Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
VIII List of Contributors
Thomas Hellweg Ferenc Mezei
TU Berlin Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin
Iwan-N.-Stranski Institut fu¨r Glienicker Str. 100
Physikalische und Theoretische 14109 Berlin
Chemie Straße des 17. Juni 112 Germany
10623 Berlin [email protected]
Germany
[email protected]
Michael Monkenbusch
Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich
Alexander Ioffe Institut fu¨r Festko¨rperforschung
Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich 52425 Ju¨lich
Institut fu¨r Festko¨rperforschung Germany
52425 Ju¨lich [email protected]
Germany
[email protected]
Catherine Pappas
Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin
Thomas Keller Glienicker Str. 100
MPI for Solid State Research 14109 Berlin
Heisenbergstr. 1 Germany
70569 Stuttgart [email protected]
Germany
Thomas−[email protected] Helmut Rauch
Atominstitut der O¨sterreichischen
Valentin T. Lebedev Universita¨ten
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Stadionallee 2
Institute 1020 Wien
188300 Gatchina, St.-Petersburg dist. Austria
Russia [email protected]
[email protected]
M. Theo Rekveldt
Franc¸oise Leclercq Interfacultair Reactor Instituut
LASIR-CNRS Delft University of Technology
13, rue de Toul Mekelweg 15
59046 Lille 2629 JB Delft
France The Netherlands
[email protected] [email protected]
St´ephane Longeville Hideki Seto
Laboratoire L´eon Brillouin Faculty of Integrated Arts and
(CEA-CNRS) Sciences
CEA Saclay Hiroshima University
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521
France Japan
[email protected] [email protected]
List of Contributors IX
Gyula T¨oro¨k Bing-Shiou Yang
Research Institute for Solid State Department of Chemical Engineering
Physics and Optics Princeton University
P.O.Box 49 Princeton, NJ 08544
1525 Budapest U.S.A.
Hungary [email protected]
[email protected]
Contents
Introduction
F. Mezei.......................................................... 1
Part I Basic Science and Technology
Fundamentals of Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
F. Mezei.......................................................... 5
1 Principles of Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy...................... 8
2 Approximations, Resolution Effects and Data Reduction ............ 11
3 Magnetic Scattering Effects...................................... 13
Time-of-Flight Neutron Spin Echo: Present Status
B. Farago ......................................................... 15
1 Time-of-Flight Neutron Spin Echo................................ 20
2 A Practical Example............................................ 30
3 Perspectives and Limitations..................................... 31
Wide Angle Neutron Spin Echo
and Time-of-Flight Spectrometer
C. Pappas, A. Triolo, F. Mezei, R. Kischnik, G. Kali................... 35
1 General Description of the Spectrometer –
Time-of-Flight Configuration .................................... 36
2 Neutron Spin Echo Configuration................................. 37
3 Neutron Optics ................................................ 43
4 Combination of NSE and TOF: Deuterated Atactic Polypropylene.... 44
Neutron Spin Echo Spectrometer at B.A.R.C. Trombay
S.L. Chaplot, R. Mittal, K.N. Prabhatasree............................ 48
1 Instrument Design.............................................. 48
2 Neutron Polarization Changes.................................... 51
3 Neutron Spin Echo ............................................. 52
Compact Neutron Spin Echo Device with Foil Spin Flippers
V.T. Lebedev, Gy. To¨ro¨k, G.P. Gordeev .............................. 56
1 Compact Neutron Spin Echo Unit ................................ 57
2 Neutron Spin Echo Focusing..................................... 60
3 Quasielastic Scattering from Water ............................... 63
