Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage

350 Pages·2017·12.38 MB·English

by  Nikolay Kardjilov

Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques
Nikolay Kardjilov
Giulia Festa Editors
Neutron
Methods for
Archaeology and
Cultural Heritage
Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques
Series editors
Ian S. Anderson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Alan J. Hurd, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Robert L. McGreevy, ISIS, Didcot, UK
Neutron scattering techniques provide exceptional tools for studying the structure
and dynamics of materials at the molecular level. New user facilities, instrumen-
tation and software now provide the “non-expert” researcher with the opportunity
ofusingneutrontechniquestoprovideanswerstochallengingresearchquestionsin
physics, biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine that cannot be answered by
any other technique. In order to maximize this potential it is crucial to provide the
research community with an up to date series of books which describe the
fundamentals of the techniques as applied in a given field, and provide recent
examples of applications to showcase the capabilities.
TheNeutronScatteringApplicationsandTechniquesbookseriesiscomprehensive,
covering a broad range of research topics. Its goal is to provide scientists and
engineers with reference books which highlight the unique capabilities of neutron
techniques to elucidate critical questions in established and emergent areas of
science. The books are suitable for graduate students, postdocs, and research
professionals in the field, and serve as a reference to both experts and (scientific)
newcomers wishing to learn about the subject.
Editorial Board
Masatoshi Arai, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Shenda Baker, Harvey Mudd College
Collin Broholm, Johns Hopkins University
Patrick Gallagher, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Stephen Nagler, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Roger Pynn, Indiana University
J. Michael Rowe, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Helmut Schober, Institut Laue-Langevin
Sunil Sinha, University of California
Ray Teller, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Jill Trewhella, University of Sydney
Christian Vettier, European Spallation Source
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8141
Nikolay Kardjilov Giulia Festa
(cid:129)
Editors
Neutron Methods for
Archaeology and Cultural
Heritage
123
Editors
NikolayKardjilov Giulia Festa
Institute of Applied Materials Department ofPhysics andCentreNAST
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin University of RomeTor Vergata
Berlin Rome
Germany Italy
ISSN 1868-0372 ISSN 1868-0380 (electronic)
Neutron Scattering Applications andTechniques
ISBN978-3-319-33161-4 ISBN978-3-319-33163-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33163-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949631
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
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Preface
Ourculturalheritageisthelegacythatoursocietyhasinheritedfromthepast,andis
bestowed for the benefit of future generations. It gives us insight into where we
camefromandwhoweare.Itsconservationisimportantnotonlyfromthecultural
point of view, but also from a practical one. In this context, neutron-based char-
acterization techniques play a fundamental role because neutrons are very pene-
trating and therefore ideal for the non-invasive investigation of artefacts, allowing
both surface and bulk properties to be measured. The full suite of neutron tech-
niques available for cultural heritage research is impressive and many essential
resultshavebeenobtainedusingoneormoreofthesetoolstoprovideinformation
that cannot be determined in any other way. Neutron methods allow the charac-
terization of the composition and mechanical properties of ancient materials,
helpingtoanswer questions related tothedating,themanufacturing processorthe
state of degradation of artefacts. The results obtained from neutron investigations
are in many cases essential for setting the proper restoration and conservation
strategiesorforperformingtherightclassificationofancientsamples.Nevertheless,
the application of neutron beams for cultural heritage purposes is often considered
as‘exotic’bytheresearchersandrestorersinthefieldduetothelimitedavailability
of neutron sources which are usually large-scale research facilities with restricted
access procedures and complex instrumentation.
The intent of this book is to provide an introduction to the wide range of
neutron-based characterization techniques, and their impact in cultural heritage
research, to the broad community of archaeologists, paleontologists, restorers and
curators, historians and holders of private collections as well as material scientists
and engineers dealing with the characterization of ancient materials. Answers to
many practical questions will be given in conjunction with detailed examples
describing some of the more fascinating highlights of applications of neutron
techniquesinrecentinvestigations,inaformaccessibletoalargereadership.PartI
will be dedicated to stories describing discoveries brought about by the use of
v
vi Preface
neutron techniques in various applications. Part II will cover the experimental
techniques in appropriate detail: basic principles, limitations and fields of appli-
cation. The book encloses visual information in theform of videos related to the
contents available in the e-book version of the volume.
Berlin, Germany Nikolay Kardjilov
Rome, Italy Giulia Festa
October 2016
Acknowledgments
Wewouldliketothankalltheauthorsandexpertsinthefieldofneutronsappliedto
cultural heritage for their valuable contributions, which made this book possible.
Berlin, Germany Nikolay Kardjilov
Rome, Italy Giulia Festa
October 2016
vii
Contents
Part I Cultural Heritage and Neutrons
1 Probing Our Heritage with Neutrons—One Successful Story . .... 3
G. Festa, N. Kardjilov and C. Andreani
2 Bronze Sculptures and Lead Objects Tell Stories About Their
Creators: Investigation of Renaissance Sculptures and Ancient
Ingots by Means of Neutron Tomography.... .... .... ..... .... 19
E.H. Lehmann, R. van Lang, M. Estermann, S. Hartmann,
F. LoCelso, N. Kardjilov, P. Tisseyre and S. Tusa
3 Paintings Reveal Their Secrets: Neutron Autoradiography
Allows the Visualization of Hidden Layers ... .... .... ..... .... 41
A. Denker, C. Laurenze-Landsberg, K. Kleinert
and B. Schröder-Smeibidl
4 Neutrons Unveil Secrets of Musical Instruments... .... ..... .... 53
G. Festa, D. Mannes and A. Scherillo
5 The Glory of Ancient Weapons and Armors: Neutron
Imaging and Diffraction Methods in Modern Archaeology ... .... 67
F. Salvemini and F. Grazzi
6 Ceramics, Marbles and Stones in the Light of Neutrons:
Characterization by Various Neutron Methods.... .... ..... .... 89
Zsolt Kasztovszky, Veronika Szilágyi, Katalin T. Biró,
JuditZöldföldi,M.IsabelDias,AntónioValera,EmmanuelAbraham,
Maryelle Bessou, Fabrizio LoCelso and Valerio Benfante
7 Paleontology: Fossilized Ancestors Awaken by Neutron
Radiography .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 141
Frikkie C. De Beer
ix
x Contents
Part II Neutron Experimental Methods
8 General Introduction to Neutron Physics and Instrumentation.... 175
R. Pynn and I.S. Anderson
9 Scattering Techniques: Small- and Wide-Angle Neutron
Diffraction .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 183
C.-K. Loong, A. Scherillo and G. Festa
10 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). .... .... .... .... ..... .... 209
P. Bode
11 Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA). .... .... ..... .... 221
T. Belgya and Zs. Révay
12 Neutron Resonance Analysis... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 235
H. Postma and P. Schillebeeckx
13 Neutron Resonance Imaging... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 285
G. Gorini, E. Schooneveld, E. Perelli Cippo and D. Di Martino
14 Prompt Gamma Activation Imaging (PGAI).. .... .... ..... .... 303
Z. Kis, L. Szentmiklósi, R. Schulze and E. Abraham
15 Neutron Activation Autoradiography.... .... .... .... ..... .... 321
A. Denker, N. Kardjilov and B. Schröder-Smeibidl
16 Neutron Imaging... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 329
N. Kardjilov, E. Lehmann, M. Strobl, R. Woracek and I. Manke