Table Of ContentN M
EUROSCIENCE IN EDICINE
N
EUROSCIENCE
M
IN EDICINE
S E
ECOND DITION
Edited by
P. M C
ICHAEL ONN
Oregon National Primate Research Center
Oregon Health and Science University
Beaverton, OR
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2003
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neuroscience in Medicine/edited by P. Michael Conn.--2nd ed.
p.;cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-5975-4 ISBN 978-1-59259-371-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-371-2
1. Neurobiology. 2. Neurophysiology. 3. Nervous system--Pathophysiology. I. Conn, P.
Michael.
[DNLM: 1. Nervous System Physiology. WL 102 N50594 2003]
QP355.2.N53 2003
612.8--dc21
2003047769
P
REFACE
The preface to the first edition of Neuroscience in to it. Once the manuscripts were in hand, it was the
Medicine began with a simple statement: “Neuro- editor’s job to make the writing uniform, remove
science is a fascinating discipline.” The interest that duplicative materials except where essential for
provoked the preparation of a second edition means ease of understanding, and incorporate additional
that statement still rings true. The challenge remained critical material.
to define the core material. I have attempted to Neuroscience in Medicineis designed to reveal the
restrict certain peripheral topics—the generalities basic science underlying disease and treatments for
of biosynthesis and gene expression, for example— neural disorders. Though the chapters are intended to
in order to allow the remaining topics to include new interdigitate, each chapter can be read as a stand
material and, in some cases, to showcase developing alone—that is, each contains a complete discussion of
areas—neuroimmunology, for example—in the the topic.
hope that this will pique the interests of the reader and I am pleased that the “Clinical Correlations,” a
keep the volume fresh. popular feature of the first edition, are again included.
As in the first edition of Neuroscience in Medi- We have also been aided in our task by the art and
cine, the authors are selected from leaders in editorial staff at Humana, whose help I gratefully
research on their chosen topics who also hold acknowledge.
credentials as excellent teachers. Such individuals Two participants from the first edition of Neuro-
are rare and, not surprisingly, are very careful with science in Medicine, Dr. David K. Sundberg and
their time. Happily, the authors involved here rec- Dr. Robert F. Spencer, passed away during the ten
ognize the significance of their project and have years since it was published. Their intellectual con-
generously made the necessary time commitments tribution, collegiality, and helpfulness was missed.
P. Michael Conn
v
C
ONTENTS
Preface........................................................................................................................v
Contributors...............................................................................................................xi
11 Cytology and Organization of Cell Types: Light and Electron Microscopy ............1
Rochelle S. Cohen and Donald W. Pfaff
12 Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Brain ...................................................................21
Bruce E. Maley
13 Ion Channels and Electrical Signaling.....................................................................37
Stanko S. Stojilkovic
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMYELINATING DISORDERS ....................................................69
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
14 Synaptic Transmission .............................................................................................73
Henrique von Gersdorff and Court Hull
15 Pre- and Postsynaptic Receptors..............................................................................89
Robert D. Grubbs and David K. Sundberg
16 Neuroembryology and Neurogenesis.....................................................................111
Ching Sung Teng and Christina T. Teng
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF NEURONAL MIGRATION....................................127
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
17 The Vasculature of the Human Brain ....................................................................129
Suresh C. Patel and Simone Wagner
CLINICAL CORRELATION: STROKE ...............................................................................159
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
18 The Choroid Plexus–CSF Nexus: Gateway to the Brain ......................................165
Conrad E. Johanson
19 Organization of the Spinal Cord ............................................................................197
Marion Murray
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL CORD...........................................213
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
10 The Cerebellum......................................................................................................217
James R. West and John B. Gelderd
111 The Brainstem: An Overview.................................................................................237
Harold H. Traurig
112 The Brainstem Reticular Formation and the Monoamine System ........................251
Harold H. Traurig
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM...................261
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
vii
viii Contents
113 The Trigeminal System..........................................................................................265
Harold H. Traurig
114 The Oculomotor System ........................................................................................277
Robert F. Spencer and John D. Porter
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY.......................................... 289
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
115 The Hypothalamus .................................................................................................293
Marc E. Freeman and Thomas A. Houpt
16 The Cerebral Cortex...............................................................................................347
Michael W. Miller and Brent A. Vogt
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMENTIA AND ABNORMALITIES OF COGNITION........................ 367
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
117 The Limbic System ................................................................................................369
J. Michael Wyss, Thomas van Groen, and Kevin J. Canning
118 The Basal Ganglia..................................................................................................389
Marie-Francoise Chesselet
CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA ....................................... 399
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
19 The Thalamus.........................................................................................................403
Yoland Smith and Mamadou Sidibe
120 Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force .............................. 419
C. J. Heckman and W. Zev Rymer
21 Chemical Messenger Systems................................................................................ 457
Robert D. Grubbs and David K. Sundberg
CLINICAL CORRELATION: PARKINSON’S DISEASE .......................................................... 485
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
122 Pain......................................................................................................................... 491
Mary M. Heinricher
CLINICAL CORRELATION: PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO NERVES............................................... 505
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
CLINICAL CORRELATION: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY..................................................... 507
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
123 Vision .....................................................................................................................511
J. Fielding Hejtmancik and Rafael C. Caruso
24 Audition..................................................................................................................541
Tom C. T. Yin
125 The Vestibular System...........................................................................................557
Robert F. Spencer and A. Tucker Gleason
126 The Gustatory System............................................................................................567
David V. Smith, Steven J. St. John, and John D. Boughter, Jr.
Contents ix
27 The Olfactory System ............................................................................................579
Michael T. Shipley, Matthew Ennis, and Adam C. Puche
28 Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness.........................................................595
Robert W. McCarley
129 Higher Brain Functions..........................................................................................621
Daniel Tranel
CLINICAL CORRELATION: THE APHASIAS AND OTHER DISORDERS OF LANGUAGE..............637
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
30 Neuroimmunology: An Overview ..........................................................................641
Michael D. Lumpkin
31 Nervous System: Immune System Interactions......................................................647
Sonia L. Carlson
CLINICAL CORRELATION: MYASTHENIA GRAVIS.............................................................659
Gregory Cooper and Robert L. Rodnitzky
132 Degeneration, Regeneration, and Plasticity in the Nervous System.....................663
Paul J. Reier and Margaret J. Velardo
Index.......................................................................................................................703
C
ONTRIBUTORS
JOHN D. BOUGHTER, JR.,PhD • Department of MARY M. HEINRICHER, PhD • Department of
Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences
of Tennessee Health Science Center, University, Portland, OR
Memphis, TN J. FIELDING HEJTMANCIK, MD, PhD • OGVFB,
KEVIN J. CANNING,PhD • Department of Physiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, THOMAS A. HOUPT, PhD • Department of
Canada Biological Science, Florida State University,
SONIA L. CARLSON,PhD • Department of Anatomy Tallahassee, FL
and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky COURT HULL,BS • Oregon Health and Science
College of Medicine, Lexington, KY University, Portland, OR
RAFAEL C. CARUSO,MD,PhD • OGVFB, National CONRAD E. JOHANSON,PhD• Department of Clinical
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Neurosciences,Brown University School
MARIE-FRANCOISE CHESSELET,MD,PhD • Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital,
of Neurology, Reed Neurological Research Providence, RI
Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los MICHAEL D. LUMPKIN, PhD • Department of
Angeles, CA Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown
ROCHELLE S. COHEN,PhD • Department of University Medical School, Washington, D.C.
Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of BRUCE E. MALEY,PhD • Department of Anatomy
Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky
Chicago, IL College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
P. MICHAEL CONN,PhD• Oregon National Primate ROBERT W. MCCARLEY,PhD• Department of
Research Center, Beaverton; and Oregon Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School / VA
Health and Science University, Portland, OR Boston Health Care System, Brockton, MA
GREGORY COOPER,MD• Department of Neurology, MICHAEL W. MILLER,PhD• Department of
The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate
Iowa City, IA Medical University, and Veterans Affairs
MATTHEW ENNIS, PhD • Department of Anatomy Medical Center, Syracuse, NY
and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, MARION MURRAY,PhD • Department of Anatomy
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD and Neurobiology, MCP Hahnemann
MARC E. FREEMAN,PhD • Department of Biological University, Philadelphia, PA
Science, Florida State University, SURESH C. PATEL,MD • Division of
Tallahassee, FL Neuroradiology, Henry Ford Hospital and
JOHN B. GELDERD,PhD • Department of Human Health Science Centers, Detroit, MI; Case
Anatomy and Medical Neurobiology, Texas Western University School of Medicine,
A&M University System Health Science Center, Cleveland, OH
College of Medicine, College Station, TX DONALD W. PFAFF, PhD • Laboratory of
A. TUCKER GLEASON,PhD• Division of Balance Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefellar
Disorders, Department of Otolaryngology – University, New York, NY
Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, JOHN D. PORTER,PhD • Department of Ophthalmol-
Charlottesville, VA ogy, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case
ROBERT D. GRUBBS, PhD • Department of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State ADAM C. PUCHE,PhD • Department of Anatomy
University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH and Neurobiology, School of Medicine,
C. J. HECKMAN,PhD• Departments of Physiology University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, PAUL J. REIER,PhD • Department of Neuroscience,
Northwestern University Feinberg School University of Florida College of Medicine and
of Medicine, Chicago, IL McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL
xi
xii Contributors
ROBERT L. RODNITZKY, MD • Department of DANIEL TRANEL,PhD• Department of Neurology
Neurology, The University of Iowa College and Psychology, Benton Neuropsychology
of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Laboratory, The University of Iowa Hospitals
W. ZEV RYMER,MD,PhD • Sensory Motor Performance and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago at HAROLD H. TRAURIG, PhD • Department of
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of
MICHAEL T. SHIPLEY,PhD • Department of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of THOMAS VAN GROEN,PhD• Department of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Neuroscience and Neurology, University
MAMADOU SIDIBE,PhD • Yerkes National Primate of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA MARGARET J. VELARDO,PA,PhD • Department of
DAVIDV. SMITH, PhD • Department of Anatomy Neuroscience, University of Florida College
and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute,
Health Science Center, Memphis, TN Gainesville, FL
YOLAND SMITH,PhD• Yerkes National Primate BRENT A. VOGT,PhD• Department of Neuroscience
Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA and Physiology, State University of New
ROBERT F. SPENCER,PhD • Deceased. Department of York, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Syracuse, NY
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA HENRIQUEVON GERSDORFF,PhD• The Vollum
STEVEN J. ST. JOHN,PhD • Department of Psychology, Institute, Oregon Health and Science University,
Reed College, Portland, OR Portland, OR
STANKO S. STOJILKOVIC,PhD• Section on Cellular SIMONE WAGNER,MD• Department of Neurology,
Signaling, ERRB/NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD University of Heidelberg, Germany
DAVID K. SUNDBERG,PhD • Deceased. Department JAMES R. WEST,PhD• Department of Human
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bowman Gray Anatomy and Neurobiology, Texas A&M
School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, University System Health Science Center,
Winston-Salem, NC College of Medicine, College Station, TX
CHING SUNG TENG,PhD • Department of Molecular J. MICHAEL WYSS,PhD• Department of Cell
Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
University, Raleigh, NC Birmingham, AL
CHRISTINA T. TENG,PhD • Laboratory of Reproductive TOM C. T. YIN,PhD • Department of Physiology,
and Developmental Toxicology (LRDT), National University of Wisconsin Medical School,
Institute of Environmental Health Services Madison, WI
(NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
