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Neuroscience-based Cognitive
Therapy
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Neuroscience-based Cognitive
Therapy
New Methods for Assessment, Treatment,
and Self-Regulation
Tullio Scrimali
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
(cid:2)C 2012JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
Thisbookisarevisedandextendedversionof:Scrimali,Tullio(2010)Neuroscienzee
PsicologiaClinica.DalLaboratoriodiRicercaalSettingconiPazienti.Milano:FrancoAngeli.
Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobal
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Scrimali,Tullio.
[Neuroscienzeepsicologiaclinica.English]
Neuroscience-basedcognitivetherapy:newmethodsforassessment,treatment,and
self-regulation/TullioScrimali.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-99375-9(hardback)–ISBN978-1-119-99374-2(pbk.)
I.Title.
[DNLM: 1. CognitiveTherapy–methods. 2. MentalProcesses–physiology.
3. Neurosciences–methods. 4. Psychophysiology. WM425.5.C6]
616.89(cid:3)1425–dc23 2011053427
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10.5/13ptMinionbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
Printedin
1 2012
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ThismonographisdedicatedtomywifeWiola,StaroftheEast,whodecided
toshareherlifewithme,withoutregardforcommonsenseoranyapparent
logic.Inthiscase,themostintenseemotion,thatoflove,tookchargeand
overcameallrationalknowledge.
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Allourknowledgehasitsoriginsinemotions
LeonardodaVinci
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Contents
ForewordbyArthurFreeman xiii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
ListofAbbreviations xxiii
Introduction 1
PartI NeuroscienceinContext
1 Neuroscience,ClinicalPsychology,andCognitiveTherapy 5
2 TheMind–BrainProblem 11
3 MotorTheoriesofMindandaComplexBiocyberneticModel
inNeuroscience 20
4 Complexity,Chaos,andDynamicalSystems 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Complexity 27
4.3 ChaosTheory 29
4.4 ComplexSystems 30
4.5 FromComplexitytoaNeuroscience-based
CognitiveTherapy 32
5 ModularandGradientalBrain,CoalitionalMind 35
5.1 Introduction 35
5.2 TheModularandGradientalBrain 37
5.3 TheSocialBrain 41
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viii Contents
5.4 TheCentralNervousSystem,NeurovegetativeNervous
System,andVisceralBrain 44
5.4.1 TheNeurovegetativeNervousSystem 44
5.4.2 TheVisceralBrain 46
5.5 PaleognosisandNeognosisintheMindofHomosapiens 47
5.6 Memory 48
5.7 InternalRepresentationalSystems 51
5.7.1 Imagery 52
5.7.2 InternalDialog 54
5.8 KnowledgeProcesses 54
5.8.1 Introduction 54
5.8.2 TheUnconsciousandTacitDimension 55
5.8.3 InformationCodingintheHumanBrain 57
5.8.4 TacitKnowledge:Experiencing 59
5.8.5 ExplicitKnowledge:Explaining 59
5.8.6 ProceduralKnowledge:Acting 60
5.8.7 SocialorMachiavellianIntelligence:Relating 61
5.9 CoalitionalProcesses 62
5.9.1 TheSelf 62
5.9.2 PersonalIdentity 66
5.9.3 Narrative 67
6 PhylogenesisoftheBrainandOntogenesisoftheMind:
BiologicalandCulturalEvolutionism 70
6.1 TheReptilianBrain:TheArchipallium 76
6.2 TheLimbicSystem:ThePaleopallium 76
6.3 BrainStructuresofLessEvolvedMammals:
TheNeopallium 77
6.4 SpecializedFrontalLobes 77
PartII ClinicalPsychophysiologyanditsParameters
7 PsychophysiologyandClinicalPsychophysiology 83
8 ElectroencephalographyandQuantitative
Electroencephalography 86
8.1 Electroencephalography 86
8.1.1 Frequency 87
8.1.2 Amplitude 88
8.1.3 Morphology 89
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Contents ix
8.1.4 Symmetry 89
8.1.5 Coherence 89
8.1.6 Artifacts 90
8.2 QuantitativeElectroencephalography 91
8.2.1 TechnicalandMethodologicalAspects 92
9 ElectrodermalActivityandQuantitative
ElectrodermalActivity 96
9.1 ElectrodermalActivityanditsRecording 96
9.2 Computer-AidedAnalysisofElectrodermalActivity
andQuantitativeElectrodermalActivity 103
9.3 ReferenceDatabase 107
9.4 EvokedElectrodermalResponses 111
9.5 EffectsofPsychoactiveDrugsonElectrodermalActivity 111
9.5.1 Beta-Blockers 112
9.5.2 Benzodiazepines 113
9.5.3 Neuroleptics 114
9.5.4 Antidepressants 115
9.5.5 Anti-EpilepticDrugs,or“MoodStabilizers” 115
10 ComplexPsychologicalDiagnosisandInstrumental
Psychodiagnostics 116
10.1 Introduction 116
10.2 FunctionalDiagnosis 118
10.3 InstrumentalPsychodiagnostics 120
10.4 TheContributionofNeurosciencetoa
ComplexDiagnosis 120
PartIII Neuroscience-basedMethodsintheClinicalSetting
11 ComplexPsychologicalDiagnosiswithQuantitative
Electroencephalography 125
11.1 Introduction 125
11.2 Dementia 126
11.2.1 Materials 126
11.2.2 Method 127
11.2.3 Results 128
11.3 Schizophrenia 129
11.4 Depression 132
11.5 Mania 133
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11.6 AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder 133
11.7 Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder 133
12 ComplexPsychologicalDiagnosiswithQuantitative
ElectrodermalActivity 135
12.1 GeneralAspects 135
12.1.1 Setting 135
12.1.2 AdvisingthePatient 136
12.1.3 Testing 136
12.1.4 AssessingandReviewingResultswith
thePatient 137
12.1.5 PlanningTreatment 137
12.1.6 UseofRecordedDataforConstructinga
NarrativeontheSelf-RegulationProcess 139
12.2 DataRegardingSpecificClinicalDisorders 139
12.2.1 GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder 139
12.2.2 PanicAttackDisorder 140
12.2.3 Post-TraumaticStressDisorder 140
12.2.4 Phobias 140
12.2.5 Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder 140
12.2.6 Depression 140
12.2.7 EatingDisorders 141
12.2.8 Addictions 141
12.2.9 Schizophrenia 141
12.2.10 Mania 141
12.2.11 AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder 141
12.2.12 Stuttering 142
12.2.13 Hypertension 142
12.2.14 IrritableBowelSyndrome 143
12.2.15 PremenstrualSyndrome 143
12.2.16 PsychogenicImpotence 143
13 SetsandSettingswhenApplyingaNeuroscience-based
ClinicalMethodology 145
14 MultimodalAssessmentofFamilyProcessandthe“Family
StrangeSituation” 152
14.1 TheFamilyStrangeSituationProcedure 154
15 Biofeedback,Neurofeedback,andPsychofeedback 156
15.1 TheoreticalFoundationandHistoricalDevelopment 156
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Contents xi
15.2 PhysiologicalandPsychophysiologicalBiofeedback 163
15.3 BiofeedbackandCognitiveTherapy 165
15.4 MindLABSet-basedCopingSkillsTraining 168
15.5 Relaxation,Self-Control,Self-Regulation 168
16 Meditation,Mindfulness,andBiofeedback-basedMindfulness
(BBM) 171
16.1 Meditation 171
16.1.1 TypesofMeditation 171
16.2 Mindfulness 175
16.3 Biofeedback-BasedMindfulness 177
17 NeurofeedbackandCognitiveTherapy 180
17.1 Insomnia 180
17.2 Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder 183
17.3 AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder 186
17.4 Depression 187
17.5 Mania 187
17.6 DrugDependency 187
18 PsychofeedbackandCognitiveTherapy 189
18.1 MentalDisorders 190
18.1.1 PanicAttackDisorderwithorwithout
Agoraphobia:DedaloProtocol 190
18.1.2 Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder:
SisifoProtocol 190
18.1.3 MoodDisorders:GalateaandEoloProtocols 191
18.1.4 SubstanceAddiction-RelatedDisorders:
BaccheiaProtocols 191
18.1.5 EatingDisorders:FineoandTantaloProtocols 191
18.1.6 PersonalityDisorders:PolifemoProtocol 191
18.1.7 Schizophrenia:NegativeEntropyProtocol 191
18.1.8 AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder 192
18.1.9 Stuttering 192
18.2 PsychosomaticDisorders 192
18.3 Meditation,Mindfulness,MusicTherapy 193
19 MonitoringtheWarningSignsofRelapseinSchizophrenia
andBipolarDisorder,andCopingwithThem 194
19.1 Introduction 194
19.2 Schizophrenia 194
