Neuronal Network Analysis: Concepts and Experimental Approaches

483 Pages·2012·11.078 MB·English

by  Tycho M. Hoogland, Peter Saggau (auth.), Tommaso Fellin, Michael Halassa (eds.)

N
EUROMET H ODS
SeriesEditor
Wolfgang Walz
University ofSaskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK,Canada
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7657
.
Neuronal Network Analysis
Concepts and Experimental Approaches
Edited by
Tommaso Fellin
Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
Michael Halassa
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Editors
TommasoFellin,Ph.D. MichaelHalassa,M.D.,Ph.D.
DepartmentofNeuroscience DepartmentofPsychiatry
andBrainTechnologies MassachusettsGeneralHospital
ItalianInstituteofTechnology Boston,MA,USA
Genova,Italy
ISSN0893-2336 e-ISSN1940-6045
ISBN978-1-61779-632-6 e-ISBN978-1-61779-633-3
DOI10.1007/978-1-61779-633-3
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011946217
ªSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2012
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Preface to the Series
UndertheguidanceofitsfoundersAlanBoultonandGlenBaker,theNeuromethodsseries
byHumanaPresshasbeenverysuccessfulsincethefirstvolumeappearedin1985.Inabout
17years,37volumeshavebeenpublished.In2006,SpringerScience+BusinessMediamadea
renewed commitment to this series. The new program focuses on methods that are either
unique to thenervous system and excitable cellsor which need specialconsiderationto be
applied to the neurosciences. The program strikes a balance between recent and exciting
developmentslikethoseconcerningnewanimalmodelsofdisease,imaging,invivomethods,
and more established techniques. These include immunocytochemistry and electrophysio-
logicaltechnologies.Newtraineesinneurosciencesstillneedasoundfootingintheseolder
methods in order to apply a critical approach to their results. The careful application of
methodsisprobablythemostimportantstepintheprocessofscientificinquiry.Inthepast,
newmethodologiesledthewayindevelopingnewdisciplinesinthebiologicalandmedical
sciences. For example, physiology emerged out of anatomy in the nineteenth century
by harnessing new methods based on the newly discovered phenomenon of electricity.
Nowadays, therelationships between disciplines and methodsare more complex. Methods
arenowwidelysharedbetweendisciplinesandresearchareas.Newdevelopmentsinelectronic
publishing also make it possible for scientiststo download chapters or protocols selectively
within a very short time of encountering them. This new approach has been taken into
accountinthedesignofindividualvolumesandchaptersinthisseries.
Neuherberg,Germany WolfgangWalz
v

Preface
The study of how population dynamics emerge from the activity of single neurons is a
necessary step to understanding higher functions of the brain. In the last few years,
technologies that allow for monitoring and manipulating neuronal networks at a single
cell resolution have been rapidly expanding. While two-photon microscopy and in vivo
electrophysiology have been improved to monitor large population of neurons in awake
animals,theintroductionofmethodstomanipulateneuronalcircuits(e.g.,optogeneticsin
animals and transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans) allows for causal testing of
functional hypotheses in neuroscience. The combination of these tools has transformed
neuroscience into a field where reverse engineering of brain function is possible. In this
volume,weprovideanoverviewofsomeofthemostadvancedtechniquesforthestudyof
neuronalcircuits,highlightingcurrenttechnicallimitationsandprovidingavisionofwhat
thereisyettocome.
Thisvolumeiscomposedofsixinterdependentsections,eachcontaininganintroduc-
torychapterthatgivesabroadoverviewofafocusedtopic.Theseintroductorychaptersare
followedbymethodologicalones,which,whileprovidingabriefconceptualintroduction
tothespecifictechnologydiscussed,containanextensiveprotocolonhowtheexperiments
areperformedalongwithinvaluablepracticaladvice.PartIdiscussesopticalapproachesto
monitoringnetworkfunction,focusinglargelyontwo-photonCa2+andvoltage-sensitive
dyeimaginginvivo.Theuseofstructuredlightfortheilluminationofneuronalnetworks
withcomplexspatio-temporalpatternsisalsodiscussed.PartIIdiscussesextracellularand
intracellular electrophysiological approaches to studying network function in brain slice
preparation,withfocusonsynapticplasticity,high-resolutioninvestigationofcellularand
synapticmechanismsofoscillations,dynamicclamptechnologyandfastperfusionmethods
to studying ligand-gated ion channels. Part III transitions to a discussion of in vivo
electrophysiology with chapters on laminar recordings/current source density analysis in
neocortex, patch-clamp recordings in awake head-fixed rodents, multiunit recordings
intheneocortexoffreelybehavinganimalsusingsinglewires,theuseofBayesianstatistics
indecodingofhippocampalreplay,andhigh-speedvideographytomonitoractivesensing.
PartIVdiscussesoptogeneticswithanoverviewofrecentlydevelopedmoleculartoolsand
theirintegrated usewithelectrophysiologyto manipulateand monitor networkfunction.
PartVuniquelycombinesanumberofchaptersonthemorpho-functionalstudyofneural
circuit makeup and connectivity. Finally, Part VI discusses approaches to noninvasively
studying neuronal networks in humans using transcranial magnetic stimulation for causal
manipulationalongwithelectro-andmagneto-encephalographyformonitoringofpopu-
lationactivityatthemillisecondtimescale.
This volume is not simply a catalogue of the latest technology on neural network
studies,butratheranoverviewoftheseexcitingmethodsalongwiththevisionofcurrent
and future leaders of circuit neuroscience. The combination of structural and functional
dissection methods, along with correlative and causal tools, provides a unique practical
introduction to this exciting field. We anticipate that it will be useful not only for early
vii
viii Preface
career neuroscientists, but also for experienced neuroscientists, to provide a practical
framework for studying the brain as an organ while maintaining an appreciation for its
cellulardiversity.
Genova,Italy TommasoFellin
Boston,MA,USA MichaelHalassa
Contents
PrefacetotheSeries........................................................... v
Preface..................................................................... vii
Contributors................................................................ xi
PART I OPTICAL APPROACHES
OpticalInterrogationofNeuralCircuits ........................................ 3
TychoM.HooglandandPeterSaggau
InVivoFunctionalImagingoftheOlfactoryBulbatSingle-CellResolution.......... 21
StefanFink,YuryKovalchuk,RyotaHomma,BerndSchwendele,
StephanDirenberger,LawrenceB.Cohen,OliverGriesbeck,
andOlgaGaraschuk
Two-PhotonImagingofNeuralActivityinAwake,Head-RestrainedMice ........... 45
MartinWienisch,DavidG.Blauvelt,TomokazuF.Sato,
andVenkateshN.Murthy
SpatialLightModulatorsforComplexSpatiotemporalIllumination
ofNeuronalNetworks ....................................................... 61
FrancescoDifato,MarcoDalMaschio,RiccardoBeltramo,AxelBlau,
FabioBenfenati,andTommasoFellin
Voltage-SensitiveDyeImagingofCorticalFunctionInVivo ....................... 83
EugeneF.Civillico
PART II ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN VITRO
AnIntroductiontoInVitroSliceApproachesfor theStudy
ofNeuronalCircuitry........................................................ 103
CarmenVarela,DanielA.Llano,andBrianB.Theyel
ExtracellularRecordingsofSynapticPlasticityandNetworkOscillations
inHippocampalSlices........................................................ 127
GagaKochlamazashvili,OlegSenkov,andAlexanderDityatev
UseofDynamic-ClampasaTooltoRevealtheComputationalProperties
ofSingleNeuronsEmbeddedinCorticalCircuits ................................ 149
AlbertoBacci,AntonioPazienti,andMicheleGiugliano
FastPerfusionMethodsfor theStudyofLigand-GatedIonChannels................ 173
AndreaBarberis
PART III ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN VIVO
ElectrophysiologicalApproachesforStudyingNeuronalCircuitsInVivo............. 191
GeorgeDragoi
DeterminationofCorticalCircuitFunctionUsingCurrentSource-Density
AnalysisInVivo............................................................. 205
MichaelJ.Higley
ix
x Contents
IntracellularWhole-CellPatch-ClampRecordingsofCorticalNeurons
inAwakeHead-RestrainedMice............................................... 219
SylvainCrochet
InvestigatingSleepHomeostasiswithExtracellularRecordingofMultiunit
ActivityfromtheNeocortexinFreelyBehavingRats.............................. 237
VladyslavV.Vyazovskiy,UmbertoOlcese,andGiulioTononi
AnalysisofHippocampalMemoryReplayUsingNeuralPopulationDecoding ........ 259
FabianKloosterman
High-SpeedVideographyofEmbodiedActiveSensing
intheRodentWhiskerSystem................................................. 283
JasonT.Ritt
PART IV OPTOGENETICS
Light-ActivatedIonPumpsandChannelsforTemporallyPrecise
OpticalControlofActivityinGeneticallyTargetedNeurons ....................... 305
BrianY.Chow,XueHan,JacobG.Bernstein,PatrickE.Monahan,
andEdwardS.Boyden
IntegratedOptogeneticandElectrophysiologicalDissectionofLocal
CorticalCircuitsInVivo...................................................... 339
JessicaA.Cardin
CombiningOpticalStimulationwithExtracellularElectrophysiology
inBehavingMice............................................................ 357
JoshuaH.Siegle
PART V MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES
MorphologicalApproachestotheAnatomicalDissectionofNeuronalCircuits........ 375
DavidC.Lyon
TheIsotropicFractionator:AFast,ReliableMethodtoDetermineNumbers
ofCellsintheBrainorOtherTissues........................................... 391
SuzanaHerculano-Houzel
Morpho-FunctionalMappingofCorticalNetworksinBrainSlice
PreparationsUsingPairedElectrophysiologicalRecordings ........................ 405
GabrieleRadnikow,RobertHeinzGu€nter,ManuelMarx,
andDirkFeldmeyer
PART VI NEURONAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN HUMANS
CombiningTranscranialMagneticStimulationwithElectroencephalography
toStudyHumanCorticalExcitabilityandEffectiveConnectivity.................... 435
MarioRosanova,SilviaCasarotto,AndreaPigorini,PaolaCanali,
AdenauerG.Casali,andMarcelloMassimini
BiophysicallyPrincipledComputationalNeuralNetworkModeling
ofMagneto-/Electro-EncephalographyMeasuredHumanBrainOscillations ......... 459
StephanieR.Jones
Erratum ................................................................... E1
Index...................................................................... 487