Table Of ContentNEUROMODULATION
Comprehensive Textbook of Principles,
Technologies, and Therapies
SECOND EDITION
Volume 1
Edited by
E S. K
lliot ramES
P. H P
untEr EcKHam
a r. r
li Ezai
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
First edition 2009
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies
and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any
injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-805353-9 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-12-802766-0 (Volume 1)
ISBN: 978-0-12-802765-3 (Volume 2)
ISBN: 978-0-12-814714-6 (Volume 3)
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Nikki Levy
Acquisition Editor: Melanie Tucker
Developmental Editor: Kathy Padilla
Production Project Manager: Sujatha Thirugnana Sambandam
Cover Designer: Mathew Limbert
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals
I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of John Oakley, Sam Hassenbusch, and Kris Kumar,
who, in my estimation, were giants in the field.
Elliott S. Krames
I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of Jim Jatich, a true neuromodulation pioneer. Jim was the first
person to receive our implantable stimulator that provided him with hand function for 27 years after his spinal
cord injury. Jim, and many others who have had the bravery to participate in clinical research, continues to enable
advancements that benefit others with greater independence and quality of their lives.
P. Hunter Peckham
I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of my brother Alex Rezai, my patients, mentors,
and colleagues who have inspired me throughout my career.
Ali R. Rezai
List of Contributors
D. Michael Ackermann Allergan, San Francisco, CA, Allison Foster ABI Rehabilitation, Auckland, New Zealand
United States Lynne V. Gauthier The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Abidemi B. Ajiboye Case Western Reserve University, OH, United States
Cleveland, Ohio, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland Lydia C. George The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland,
United States
OH, United States
Christy Gomez University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Brendan Z. Allison National Center for Adaptive IL, United States
Neurotechnologies, Albany, NY, United States; University
Amy M. Goodman University of California, San Francisco,
of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
CA, United States
Giancarlo Barolat Barolat Neuroscience, Denver, CO,
Warren M. Grill Duke University, Durham, NC,
United States
United States
Narendra Bhadra Case Western Reserve University,
Robert E. Gross Emory University School of Medicine,
Cleveland, OH, United States
Atlanta, GA, United States
Niloy Bhadra Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Yun Guan The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
OH, United States
United States
Charles D. Blaha Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Seth Hara Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Chad E. Bouton Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at
James Harris ECS Federal, Arlington, VA, United States
Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
Bin He University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,
Kerry Bradley Clinical Science & Research, Nevro
United States
Corporation, Redwood City, CA, United States
Jeffrey A. Herron Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN,
Jeffrey R. Capadona Case Western Reserve University,
United States
Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States Harry A. Hoyen Case Western Reserve University,
MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,
Stuart F. Cogan University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
United States
TX, United States
Michael G. Kaplitt Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,
Jeffrey W. Cozzens Southern Illinois University School of
United States
Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
Michael W. Keith Case Western Reserve University,
William Cusack St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio,
Pierre-Francois D’Haese Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
TN, United States
Alexander R. Kent St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA,
Benoit M. Dawant Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
United States
Kevin L. Kilgore Case Western Reserve University,
William C. de Groat University of Pittsburgh School of Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
Dirk De Ridder University of Otago, Dunedin, United States; MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
New Zealand; St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium United States
Timothy Denison Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN, Robert F. Kirsch Case Western Reserve University,
United States Cleveland, Ohio, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland
Jeffery J. Dolce Pain and Rehabilitation Institute, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland,
OH, United States
Birmingham, AL, United States
Daniel M. Doleys Pain and Rehabilitation Institute, Gary Kocharian Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,
Birmingham, AL, United States United States
John P. Donoghue Wyss Center for Bio and Peter E. Konrad Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,
Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland; Brown University United States
Providence, Rhode Island, USA Jeffery Kramer St Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA, United
Lars E. Larsen Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium States; University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, United States
Steven M. Falowski St. Luke’s Neurosurgical Associates, Elliot S. Krames Pacific Pain Treatment Center,
San Francisco, CA, United States
Bethlehem, PA, United States
ix
x List of Contributors
Vibhor Krishna The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Kathryn M. Schubauer The Ohio State University,
United States Columbus, OH, United States
Kendall H. Lee Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Ashwini D. Sharan Thomas Jefferson University,
Bengt Linderoth Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Philadelphia, PA, United States
Kip A. Ludwig Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Frank G. Shellock University of Southern California,
Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and
Andre G. Machado Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
Research, Los Angeles, CA, United States
United States
Jane Shipley The Neuromodulation Foundation, Baltimore,
Ravichandra Madineni Thomas Jefferson University,
MD, United States
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Andrew Shoffstall Case Western Reserve University,
Steve G. Manker Medtronic Restorative Therapies Group,
Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA
Minneapolis, MN, United States
Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
Cameron C. McIntyre Case Western Reserve University,
Brian Simpson Retired, Wales, United Kingdom
Cleveland, OH, United States
Konstantin V. Slavin University of Illinois at Chicago,
Alon Y. Mogilner NYU Langone Medical Center,
Chicago, IL, United States
New York, NY, United States
Michael Stanton-Hicks Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
John T. Mortimer Case Western Reserve University,
United States
Cleveland, OH, United States
Changfeng Tai University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Elizabeth M. Mosier Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
Pittsburgh, PA, United States
United States
Toacca Taylor The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Richard B. North Retired, Johns Hopkins University
United States
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States;
The Neuromodulation Foundation, Baltimore, MD, Hilarie C. Tomasiewicz Weill Cornell Medicine, New York,
United States NY, United States
Joseph J. Pancrazio The University of Texas at Dallas, Dustin J. Tyler Case Western Reserve University,
Richardson, TX, United States Cleveland, OH, United States; Louis-Stokes Cleveland
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,
John L. Parker Saluda Medical, Sydney, NSW, Australia
United States
P. Hunter Peckham Case Western Reserve University,
Tim Vancamp St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
Cleveland, OH, United States
Sven Vanneste University of Otago, Dunedin,
Nigel P. Pedersen Emory University School of Medicine,
New Zealand; St Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium;
Atlanta, GA, United States
The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
Erik J. Peterson Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN,
Kristl E.J. Vonck Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
United States
Belgium
Benjamin Pless Partners HealthCare Innovation,
Shannon W. Clark Thomas Jefferson University,
Cambridge, MA, United States
Philadelphia, PA, United States; Sentara Neurosurgery
Christopher L. Pulliam Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN, Specialists, Norfolk, VA, United States
United States
Doug Weber Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
Ali R. Rezai West Virginia University, Morgantown, Arlington, VA, United States; University of Pittsburgh,
WV, United States Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Troy A. Richter The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Richard L. Weiner THR Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas,
United States Dallas, TX, United States; University of Texas
Jonathan Riley Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
PA, United States Michael Wolfson National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
Joshua M. Rosenow Northwestern University Feinberg and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, United States
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States Chengyuan Wu Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Erika Ross Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States PA, United States
Francesco Sammartino The Ohio State University, Donald Y. Ye Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA,
Columbus, OH, United States United States
Gerwin Schalk National Center for Adaptive Dali Yin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,
Neurotechnologies, Albany, NY, United States; United States
Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Hang Yin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,
State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
United States
Foreword
Elliot S. Krames1, P. Hunter Peckham2, Ali R. Rezai3
1Pacific Pain Treatment Center, San Francisco, CA, United States;
2Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States;
3West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
INTRODUCTION that reflect the evolution and growth of neuromodula-
tion. These include chapters on stroke recovery and
The first edition of Neuromodulation was the first neuromodulation for the senses, sections on the excit-
textbook of its kind and dedicated to one of the fastest- ing field of neuromodulation for disease management
growing areas of medicine then and still today, the field or bioelectronic medicine, vagal nerve stimulation, and
of neuromodulation, which is “technology that impacts brain/machine interfacing, a chapter on optogenetics,
on the neural interface.” That first edition was published and a section on the rapidly growing field of noninvasive
by Elsevier on June 26, 2009 and has enjoyed the acclaim neuromodulation, including noninvasive brain stimula-
of neuroscientists, biomedical engineers, and clinicians tion for stroke recovery, pain relief, cognition, depres-
alike as the first authoritative and comprehensive text- sion, and anxiety, to name just a few. These are exciting
book regarding this relatively new field. We, the editors times for the field of neuromodulation, and as editors we
of Neuromodulation, in the first edition set out to harness are sure that you will find this comprehensive offering
what was known regarding this diverse field, encompass- equally exciting, thought-provoking, and informative.
ing the combined knowledge of not only neuroscience This second edition of Neuromodulation is divided into
and biomedical engineering but also the widely diverse 2 volumes, 16 sections, and 144 chapters that represent
clinical fields of neurosurgery, anesthesiology pain med- the entire scope of neuromodulation in 2017. Volume 1
icine, urology, gastroenterology, physical medicine and has introductory chapters on neuromodulation as a field,
rehabilitation, cardiology, otology, ophthalmology, urog- a section on the fundamentals of neuromodulation that
ynocology, orthopedic surgery, and various other key includes chapters on electrical stimulation of the ner-
stakeholders. Our first edition consisted of 91 chapters vous system and various chapters on the mechanisms of
by authors all known to be experts in their fields. action of different forms of this stimulation, a section on
As the editors of the first edition, we are pleased to offer advances to technology/devices for neuromodulation,
our second edition of Neuromodulation. We have carefully sections on the various neuromodulation techniques used
selected the authors/contributors for this edition because for the control of pain, a section on neuromodulation for
they are the leading experts in their fields of interest, hav- functional disorders, a section dedicated to neurostimu-
ing made significant contributions within the larger field lation for epilepsy, and a section on neuromodulation for
of neuromodulation. And, again, we thank them all for cognitive and behavioral disorders. Volume 2 includes
their efforts and important contributions to this project. sections on neuromodulation for movement disorders,
Neuromodulation as a field has grown since the epilepsy, behavioral and cognitive disorders, functional
publication of our first edition, and this second edition restoration, organ system disorders (including cardiac,
reflects that growth, progress, and evolution in research, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and bladder disorders),
technology, and clinical innovation. The original 91 disease management (including diabetes, rheumatoid
chapters have grown to 144 chapters in this two-volume arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease), brain, com-
book, reflecting the rapid advances, new applications puter, and machine interfacing, noninvasive brain neu-
and technology, and overall growth in our field. romodulation, and surgical technique, as well as sections
The field of neuromodulation has become one of the on the business end of neuromodulation and emerging
premier and most innovative specialties of implanted technologies and techniques, and finally a stand-alone
technology in the body to improve neurological deficits section with one chapter on the Brain Initiative.
and overall function of patients. New chapters and addi- On next page, we give a synopsis of our second
tions in this edition cover a variety of important topics edition by section, title, and author/authors.
xi
xii Foreword
VOLUME 1
I 10. Fundamentals of Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current
Nerve Conduction Block of the Peripheral Nervous System
DEFINING NEUROMODULATION Niloy Bhadra and Kevin L. Kilgore
Elliot S. Krames, Ali R. Rezai, P. Hunter Peckham
11. MrI and fMrI for Neuromodulation
Francesco Sammartino, Vibhor Krishna and Ali R. Rezai
1. Perspectives on the History of the Neuromodulation-
relevant Societies
12. Patient-Specific Modeling of deep Brain Stimulation
Elliot S. Krames, Konstantin V. Slavin, Giancarlo Barolat,
Cameron C. McIntyre
Brian Simpson and Michael Stanton-Hicks
13. Big data and deep Brain Stimulation
2. Psychological Issues and evaluation for Patients Undergoing
Pierre-Francois D’Haese, Peter Konrad and Benoit Dawan
Implantable Technology
Daniel M. Doleys and Jeffery J. Dolce 14. Fundamentals of Burst Stimulation of the
Spinal Cord and Brain
3. Anatomy of the Nervous System
Dirk De Ridder, Tim Vancamp and Sven Vanneste
Joshua M. Rosenow
15. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action
4. Clinical Study designs for Neuromodulation
Yun Guan, Kerry Bradley, John L. Parker, Elliot S. Krames
Richard B. North and Jane Shipley
and Bengt Linderoth
16. Fundamentals and Mechanisms of dorsal root Ganglion
II Stimulation
Jeffery Kramer, Allison Foster, Alexander R. Kent and
INTRODUCTION TO THE BRAIN William Cusack
INITIATIVE
17. Mechanisms of Action of deep Brain Stimulation:
P. Hunter Peckham A review
Kendall H. Lee, Elizabeth M. Mosier and Charles D. Blaha
5. The Brain Initiative—Implications for a revolutionary
Change in Clinical Medicine via Neuromodulation 18. Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Mechanism of Action
Technology Kristl Vonck and Lars Emil Larsen
Elizabeth M. Mosier, Michael Wolfson, Erika Ross,
James Harris, Doug Weber and Kip A. Ludwig 19. Mechanisms of Action of Sacral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve
Stimulation for disorders of Bladder and Bowel
William C. de Groat and Changfeng Tai
III
FUNDAMENTALS AND MECHANISMS IV
OF NEUROMODULATION
TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES
Joseph Pancrazio
Kip A. Ludwig
6. Fundamentals of electrical Stimulation
20. electrodes for the Neural Interface
J. Thomas Mortimer and Narendra Bhadra
Dustin J. Tyler
7. The Safe delivery of electrical Currents and
21. Implantable Neural Stimulators
Neuromodulation
P. Hunter Peckham and D. Michael Ackermann Jr.
Stuart F. Cogan, Seth Hara and Kip A. Ludwig
22. Microstimulators: Minimally Invasive Implantable
8. waveforms for Neural Stimulation
Neuromodulatory devices
Warren M. Grill
Benjamin Pless and Amy M. Goodman
9. Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity
Alon Y. Mogilner
Foreword xiii
23. designing Neuromodulation devices for Feedback Control 33. Gaming for the Brain: Video Gaming to rehabilitate the
Christopher L. Pulliam, Erik J. Peterson, Jeffrey A. Herron Upper extremity After Stroke
and Timothy Denison Lynne V. Gauthier, Troy A. Richter, Lydia C. George and
Kathryn M. Schubauer
24. MrI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems
Steve G. Manker and Frank G. Shellock 34. The Use of New Surgical Technologies for deep Brain
Stimulation
Vibhor Krishna, Francesco Sammartino and Ali R. Rezai
V
35. Neuromodulation Using optogenetics and related
BRAIN, COMPUTER, AND MACHINE Technologies
Nigel Pedersen and Robert E. Gross
INTERFACING
Bin He
VII
25. Brain–Computer Interfaces: why Not Better?
John P. Donoghue SURGICAL PROCEDURES
AND TECHNIQUES
26. Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
G. Schalk and B.Z. Allison Elliot S. Krames, Ali R. Rezai
27. Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional 36. deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique
restoration Alon Y. Mogilner, Andre G. Machado and Ali R. Rezai
Abidemi B. Ajiboye and Robert F. Kirsch
37. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via
28. Prospects for a robust Cortical recording Interface Laminotomy: Techniques and Benefits
Andrew Shoffstall and Jeffrey R. Capadona Donald Y. Ye, Jonathan Riley, Ravichandra Madineni,
Shannon W. Clark, Chengyuan Wu, Steven M. Falowski
29. Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Ashwini D. Sharan
and decoding Methods for restoring Movement and Future
Applications 38. Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for
Chad E. Bouton Intractable Pain
Konstantin V. Slavin, Dali Yin, Hang Yin and Christy Gomez
VI 39. Surgical Placement of Leads for occipital Nerve
Stimulation
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND Richard L. Weiner
TECHNIQUES
40. Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication delivery System
Implantation
Ali R. Rezai
Joshua M. Rosenow
30. Gene-Based Neuromodulation
41. Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular
Hilarie C. Tomasiewicz, Gary Kocharian and
Stimulation
Michael G. Kaplitt
Michael W. Keith and Harry A. Hoyen
31. Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurological disorders
42. The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator
Francesco Sammartino, Toacca Taylor, Ali R. Rezai and
Implantation
Vibhor Krishna
Jeffrey W. Cozzens
32. Implanted Sensors in Neuromodulation via electrical
Stimulation
John L. Parker
xiv Foreword
VOLUME 2
VIII VIII B
NEUROMODULATION FOR Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for
PAIN CONTROL Pain Control
Konstantin V. Slavin
VIII A 56. Anatomy and Physiology related to Peripheral Nerve
Stimulation
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain Control
Michael Stanton-Hicks
Salim Hayek
57. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Suppression
Joseph W. Boggs, John Chae and Maria E. Bennett
43. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Nicole Bentley, Ahmed J. Awad and Parag G. Patil
58. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain
Konstantin V. Slavin, Dali Yin and Serge Rasskazoff
44. Management Strategies for Chronic Pain
Keeley Dohmeier, Sailesh Arulkumar, Salim Hayek and
59. Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve
Lawrence Poree
Field Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and
Neck Pain
45. History of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Dali Yin and Konstantin V. Slavin
Richard B. North and Joshua P. Prager
60. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the
46. Functional Magnetic resonance Imaging in the
Management of Postoperative Pain
Neuromodulation of Pain
Amorn Wongsarnpigoon and Brian M. Ilfeld
Ernest J. Barthélemy, Jonathan J. Rasouli, Kurt A. Yaeger and
Brian Harris Kopell
61. Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Giancarlo Barolat
47. The development of Algorithms for Pain Care Including
Neuromodulation Therapies: Introducing the SAFe
62. occipital Neurostimulation for Treatment of Intractable
Principles
Headache Syndromes
Prasad Shirvalkar, Lawrence Poree and Elliot S. Krames
Richard L. Weiner and Kenneth M. Alo
48. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Complex regional
63. Neuromodulation for Headaches—Sphenopalatine Ganglion
Pain Syndrome
Stimulation
Michael Stanton-Hicks and Joshua P. Prager
Stewart J. Tepper and Anthony Caparso
49. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Brigitte A. Brouwer, Bert Joosten and Maarten van Kleef
VIII C
50. Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Low Back Pain Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control
Richard B. North
and the Control of Spasticity
51. Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Lawrence Poree
Mark N. Malinowski, Chong H. Kim and Timothy R. Deer
64. relevant Anatomy for Spinal drug delivery
52. Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control
Mark N. Malinowski, Chong H. Kim and Timothy R. Deer
Stefan Schulte and Tim Vancamp
65. evolution of the Spinal delivery of opiate Analgesics
53. dorsal root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control
Deepali Dhar, Lawrence Poree and Tony L. Yaksh
Paul Verrills
66. Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy
54. Ten Kilohertz (10 kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord
Lucas W. Campos and Jason E. Pope
Stimulation
Kapural Leonardo and Adnan Al-Kaisy
67. Cerebrospinal Fluid dynamics and Intrathecal delivery
Kevin Tangen, Ankit I. Mehta and Andreas A. Linninger
55. A review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies
Jane Shipley and Richard B. North
Foreword xv
68. exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use X
Jason Kyung-soo Hong and Richard Rauck
NEUROSTIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY
69. Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment:
resiniferatoxin and Saporin Jonathan Riley, Ashwini D. Sharan
Michael S. Leong and David Copenhaver
81. epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology,
70. The development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies and disorders
for Pain Control: History and Present Guidelines Robrecht Raedt, Dominique M. Durand, Paul Boon, Kristl Vonck
Mark N. Malinowski, Chong H. Kim and Timothy R. Deer and Elliot S. Krames
71. Compounding for Intrathecal Analgesic Agents 82. Vagal Nerve Stimulation
William A. Stuart Vivek Mehta, Daniel Kramer, Jonathan Russin, Charles Liu
and Arun Amar
72. Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity
Michael Saulino 83. deep Brain Stimulation for epilepsy
Paul Koch and Gordon Baltuch
VIII D 84. Closed-Loop responsive Stimulation for epilepsy
Abraham Sabersky, Michael Mackow, Balu Krishnan,
Intracranial Procedures for Dileep Nair, Andreas Alexopoulos, William Bingaman
and Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
Chronic Pain
Alon Y. Mogilner XI
73. deep Brain Stimulation for Pain NEUROMODULATION FOR
Neil Barua and Nik Patel
BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE
DISORDERS
IX
Paul E. Holtzheimer
NEUROMODULATION FOR
MOVEMENT DISORDERS 85. deep Brain Stimulation for obsessive–Compulsive disorder
Mayur Sharma, Kevin Reeves, Milind Deogaonkar and
Brian Harris Kopell Ali R. Rezai
74. deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease 86. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment
Reversa Mills-Joseph, Vibhor Krishna, Milind Deogaonkar of obsessive–Compulsive disorder
and Ali R. Rezai Young Goo Kim, Na Young Jung and Jin Woo Chang
75. deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor 87. deep Brain Stimulation for Highly refractory depression
Michael Pourfar, Michael Okun, Kelly Foote and Alon Y. Mogilner Darin D. Dougherty, Alik S. Widge and Benjamin D. Greenberg
76. deep Brain Stimulation for dystonia 88. Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa
Ron L. Alterman and Scellig Stone Nir Lipsman, Andres M. Lozano and Clement Hamani
77. deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome 89. deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism
Pablo Andrade, Martin Klehr and Veerle Visser-Vandewalle Sina Kohl and Jens Kuhn
78. Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige 90. Surgical Treatment for refractory drug Addiction
Syndrome Chencheng Zhang, Tao Wang, Kristina Zeljic, Haiyan Jin,
Na Young Jung and Jin Woo Chang Shikun Zhan, Dianyou Li, Xuelian Wang and Bomin Sun
79. deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental 91. Subgenual Cingulate deep Brain Stimulation for
Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s disease Treatment-resistant depression
Paolo Mazzone, Flora Vitale, Annamaria Capozzo, Fabio Viselli Yarema B. Bezchlibnyk, Jennifer Cheng, Kelly R. Bijanki,
and Eugenio Scarnati Helen S. Mayberg and Robert E. Gross
80. Infusion Therapy for Movement disorders 92. Cortical Stimulation for depression
Neil Barua and Steven Gill Jeffrey Gilligan, Jonathan J. Rasouli and Brian Harris Kopell
