Neuroimmunological Diseases

292 Pages·2016·4.94 MB·English

by  Susumu Kusunoki (eds.)

Neuroimmunological
Diseases
Susumu Kusunoki
Editor
123
Neuroimmunological Diseases
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Susumu Kusunoki
Editor
Neuroimmunological
Diseases
Editor
SusumuKusunoki
DepartmentofNeurology
KindaiUniversitySchoolofMedicine
Osaka-Sayama
Japan
ISBN978-4-431-55593-3 ISBN978-4-431-55594-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-55594-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016941930
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Preface
Neuroimmunological diseases comprise neurological disorders caused by immu-
nological mechanisms. Affected areas are varied: the central nervous system in
multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), the peripheral nerve in
Guillain-Barre´ syndrome (GBS), and the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia
gravis. There are many players involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of
neuroimmunological diseases, including autoantibodies, activated lymphocytes,
macrophages,cytokines,chemokines,andothers.
I served as chairman of the Research Committee on Neuroimmunological
Diseases sponsored by the Ministry ofHealth, Labour andWelfareof Japan from
2008to2014.Duringthatperiod,manynovelresearchfindingswerereportedinthe
annual meetings of the committee. This book is intended to provide readers with
cutting-edge research on neuroimmunological diseases by collecting the papers
mainlyfromthemembersoftheresearchcommittee.
The book is divided into 18 chapters. Basic immunology associated with
neuroimmunologicaldiseasesaredescribedintheearlychapters.Intheremaining
chapters,individualdiseasesaredescribedwithregardtoepidemiology,pathogen-
esis, diagnosis, treatment, and so on. Recently, several autoantibodies have been
reportedinneuroimmunologicaldiseases.Forexample,aquaporin-4antibodiesare
specifically detected in NMO. Antibodies to glycolipids such as gangliosides are
frequentlydetectedinGBS.Inparticular,GQ1bantibodiesarespecificallydetected
in most patients with Fisher syndrome, a subtype of GBS. In myasthenia gravis
(MG), acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are well known. In addition, in
AChR antibody-negative cases, other antibodies including muscle-specific kinase
antibodies have been reported. Several autoantibodies, including N-methyl-D-
aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, have been reported in autoimmune
encephalitis.Thoseautoantibodiesarenotonlyusefuldiagnosticmarkersbutalso
causative factors directly involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms. In multiple
sclerosis, significant progress has been made in the research of cell-mediated
immunitiesandingeneticanalyses.Therapeuticstrategieshavealsobeenimproved
recentlyinneuroimmunologicaldiseases.Thisbookcoversthoserecentadvances.
v
vi Preface
I am convinced that the book is useful for clinical neurologists as well as
researchersinneuroimmunology.
Iwouldliketothanktheauthorsfortheirsuperbcontributions.Wewouldalso
liketoexpressourappreciation toSpringer for givingus anopportunitytogather
ourworksforpublication.
Osaka-Sayama,Japan SusumuKusunoki
Contents
PartI BasicImmunology
1 CellularImmunityandMultipleSclerosis:Current
Understanding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
WakiroSatoandTakashiYamamura
2 GliainNeuroimmunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
AkioSuzumura
3 AnimalModelsfortheStudyofNeuroimmunologicalDisease. . . . 33
J.LudovicCroxfordandSachikoMiyake
4 Blood–BrainBarrierandBlood–NerveBarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
YasuteruSanoandTakashiKanda
PartII ClinicalImmunology
5 MultipleSclerosis:EtiologyandMechanism,withSpecial
ReferencetoAsians. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 73
Jun-ichiKira
6 MultipleSclerosis:DiagnosisandTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
MakotoMatsui
7 NeuropsychologicalAspectsofMultipleSclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
MasaakiNiino
8 NeuromyelitisOptica:DiagnosisandTreatment. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 135
YujiNakatsuji,MakotoKinoshita,TatsusadaOkuno,KazushiroTakata,
ToruKoda,JosepheA.Honorat,SaburoSakoda,andHidekiMochizuki
9 Guillain-Barre´ Syndrome:Epidemiology,Diagnosis,
andTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
SusumuKusunoki
vii
viii Contents
10 AutoantibodiesinGuillain-Barre´ Syndrome(GBS). . . . . . . . . . . . 165
KenichiKaida
11 FisherSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
AtsuroChiba
12 POEMSSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
SatoshiKuwabaraandSonokoMisawa
13 TreatmentofMyastheniaGravisAfterthe2014Japanese
ClinicalGuideline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
MasakatsuMotomura,RukaNakata,andHirokazuShiraishi
14 N-Methyl-D-AspartateReceptorAntibody-Associated
AutoimmuneEncephalitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
KeikoTanaka
15 Hashimoto’sEncephalopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
MakotoYoneda,AkikoMatsunaga,andMasamichiIkawa
16 ParaneoplasticNeurologicalSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
TakashiInuzuka,YuichiHayashi,andAkioKimura
17 AutoimmuneAutonomicGanglionopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
ShunyaNakane,OsamuHiguchi,andHidenoriMatsuo
18 NovelTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
KatsuichiMiyamoto
Part I
Basic Immunology