Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity

402 Pages·2013·6.537 MB·English

by  Ilias Kazanis (auth.), Catherine Belzung, Peter Wigmore (eds.)

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 15
Catherine Belzung
Peter Wigmore Editors
Neurogenesis
and Neural
Plasticity
Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
Volume 15
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Catherine Belzung Peter Wigmore
•
Editors
Neurogenesis and Neural
Plasticity
123
Editors
CatherineBelzung Peter Wigmore
INSERM 930 Medical School,Queen’s Medical Centre
Faculté desSciences Universityof Nottingham
Tours Nottingham
France UK
ISSN 1866-3370 ISSN 1866-3389 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-36231-6 ISBN 978-3-642-36232-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36232-3
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Preface
Neuroplasticity is a key feature of adult brain function, enabling adaptation to a
continuously changing environment. In the past, it was thought that this process
was only significant during the developmental period, making the adult brain
relatively inflexible. This idea became hard-wired in the scientific culture, as a
dogma, despite evidence from 100 years ago showing that some brain cells are
able to undergo mitosis. Proof that these proliferating cells become new neurons
required more potent cellular imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy
together with the ability to identify cells by double immunolabelling. The same
applies to synaptogenesis, as evidence showing that new synapses are constantly
being formed and eliminated in the brain required the development of specific
novel methodologies. However, behavioral observations, showing that subjects
continually learn new information and new procedures throughout their life,
strongly suggested a requirement for plasticity and that neuronal changes might
underlie such flexibility.
For more than 20 years, it has been recognized that these processes, while
decreasing with age, occur in some specific areas of the adult brain, from early
adulthoodtosenescence,andarenecessaryforbehavioralandcognitiveflexibility.
Thisplasticitycanbemorphological,asinthegenerationofnewsynapsesandnew
neurons or functional when the strength of synapses changes; as in long-term
potentiation or long-term depression. While adult neurogenesis appears to be
mainlyrestrictedtothehippocampusandtheolfactorysystem,synaptogenesisand
its associated functional changes in plasticity occur in all cortical and subcortical
areas. Thus relating these changes to a large number of divergent functions,
associated with the brain areas in which this occurs. Synaptogenesis is a rapid
process, as formation of new synapses or dendritic spines requires less than two
hours. The functional importance of synaptogenesis is closely related to the
functionofthebrainareasinwhich ittakesplace, andcan thusprovideincreased
flexibilitywhenoccurringinfrontalorhippocampalareas,ordecreasedflexibility
in the amygdala or some parts of the striatum. Alterations in adult neurogenesis
can produce changes in cognition which might participate in the triggering of
v
vi Preface
pathological conditions such as psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some
conditions such as aging or stress induce a decrease in neurogenesis and a
remodelling of synaptogenesis (decreased in some regions, and increased in
others).
This volume aims to provide a synthetic overview of current findings in neu-
roplasticity.Thefirstpartfocusesonthecharacterizationoftheseprocesses.While
manyaspectsofmemoryformationandretrievalarestilluncertain,itisnowclear
that changes in synaptic strength and the recruitment of newly formed neurons to
form network units underlies many features of memory. The molecular mecha-
nisms in the formation and regulation of these networks together with the gen-
eration of new neurons from stem cells are discussed in chapters by Mariana
Carastore, Yan Gu, and Ilias Kazanis and their co authors. The chapter of Gilles
Gheusietal.investigatesthecharacteristicsofneurogenesisintheolfactorybulbs,
focusing on the behavioral consequences of their functional integration. The
chapter by Andrea Gómez-Palacio-Shjetnan and Martha Escobar concerns neu-
rotrophins, particularly Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and neuro-
trophin-3 (NT3), and their role in the stabilization and maturation of already
existingsynapses,aswellasintheirabilitytogeneratenewsynapticcontacts.This
is crucial for learning and memory.
The external features of an individual’s environment have a major impact on
brainplasticityandthisiscoveredinthesecondpartofthisbook.Thechapterby
TimothyJ.SchoenfeldandElizabethGouldprovidesanewviewabouttheeffects
of stress and of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids on hippocampal neuro-
genesis. This chapter attempts to understand the paradoxical finding that certain
situations, such as physical exercise or an enriched environment which induce a
release of glucocorticoids actually increase neurogenesis in contrast to other
stressfulsituationswherethesehormoneshavetheoppositeeffect.Thechapterby
Michael J. Eckert and Wickliffe C. Abraham is more focused on functional
plasticity;itshowshowanearlytransientincreaseincellactivitymightelicitlong-
term enhancements in cellular and network function necessary for hippocampus-
dependent cognition. Subsequent chapters in this part by Peter Wigmore, Carmen
Vivarandco-authors,coverthenegativeimpactofchemotherapyonneurogenesis
and memory, while physical exercise improves cognition and may in fact be a
means to treat chemotherapy-induced memory decline.
The third part of the book describes alterations in brain plasticity occurring in
pathological conditions including psychiatric disorders such as depression or
addiction and neurological conditions such as neurodegeneration. The chapter by
FrancisBambicoandCatherineBelzungdescribesthesynapticreorganizationand
hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to depression and to the effects of antide-
pressants. It proposes a comprehensive view regarding the dynamic of these
changes, suggesting that antidepressant therapy first increases synaptogenesis in
frontal areas, which facilitates the initiation of recovery, and then stimulates
neurogenesis, which enables the therapeutic effects to become long lasting, pre-
ventingrecurrence.ThechapterbyJuanCanalesprovidesevidencesuggestingthat
hippocampal neurogenesis might be involved in the emergence and maintenance
Preface vii
ofaddictivebehavior.Indeed,severalcomponentsofthedownwardspiralingloop
thatcharacterizesaddiction,includingelevatedsensitivitytodrug-inducedreward
and reinforcement, enhanced neurohormonal responsiveness, emergence of a
negative affective state, memory impairment, and inflexible behavior are all
related to neurogenesis. Alzheimer’s disease with its associated decline in cog-
nition is a major medical concern with an increasingly aging population. The use
of transgenic animal models which mimic aspects of the disease and can now be
used to test potential treatments is discussed by Michael Marlatt and co-authors.
Finally, Aging and Repair are crucial processes related to neuroplasticity. The
chapter by Sebastian Couillard-Despres reports studies showing a decline of hip-
pocampal neurogenesis associated with normal aging. However, these changes
probablydonotunderliethedecreaseincognitivefunctionseeninoldersubjects,
as current studies suggest a distinct role of hippocampal neurogenesis in young
versus adult and old brain. Stem cell therapy offers the tantalizing prospect of
repairing the damaged or degenerating brain. Rebecca Trueman and co-authors
discuss the use of endogenous and transplanted stem cells to repair Parkinson’s
and Huntington’s disease and stroke.
We have only started to understand the nature and importance of plasticity to
the functioning of the brain. The ability to change and build new circuits in
response to both internal and external stimuli makes the brain uniquely able to
cope with the demands imposed upon it. This volume discusses recent work
ranging from theoretical aspects of cognition, to the detailed cellular and molec-
ular biology mechanisms which underlie the functional changes the brain can
make. An understanding of these is now opening up avenues to influence these
eventsinthetreatmentofawiderangeofneurologicalandpsychiatricconditions.
Theseareindeedexcitingtimestobeworkingonbrainplasticityandneurogenesis
and the authors gathered togetherhere convey much ofthis excitement in what is
becoming a rapidly expanding field.
Nottingham, UK Peter Wigmore
Tours, France Catherine Belzung
Contents
Part I Characterization
Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain:
How Much Do We Need, How Much Do We Have?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ilias Kazanis
Neurogenesis and Hippocampal Plasticity in Adult Brain . . . . . . . . . . 31
Yan Gu, Stephen Janoschka and Shaoyu Ge
Adult-Born Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb: Integration
and Functional Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Gilles Gheusi, Gabriel Lepousez and Pierre-Marie Lledo
Network, Cellular, and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying
Long-Term Memory Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Mariana Carasatorre and Víctor Ramírez-Amaya
Neurotrophins and Synaptic Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Andrea Gómez-Palacio-Schjetnan and Martha L. Escobar
Part II Environmental Factors
Differential Effects of Stress and Glucocorticoids
on Adult Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Timothy J. Schoenfeld and Elizabeth Gould
Effects of Environmental Enrichment Exposure on Synaptic
Transmission and Plasticity in the Hippocampus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Michael J. Eckert and Wickliffe C. Abraham
ix
x Contents
All About Running: Synaptic Plasticity, Growth Factors
and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Carmen Vivar, Michelle C. Potter and Henriette van Praag
The Effect of Systemic Chemotherapy on Neurogenesis,
Plasticity and Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Peter Wigmore
Part III Diseases
Novel Insights into Depression and Antidepressants:
A Synergy Between Synaptogenesis and Neurogenesis?. . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Francis Rodriguez Bambico and Catherine Belzung
Deficient Plasticity in the Hippocampus and the Spiral of Addiction:
Focus on Adult Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Juan J. Canales
Prolonged Running, not Fluoxetine Treatment, Increases
Neurogenesis, but does not Alter Neuropathology,
in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Michael W. Marlatt, Michelle C. Potter, Thomas A. Bayer,
Henriette van Praag and Paul J. Lucassen
Part IV Ageing and Repair
Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Ageing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Sébastien Couillard-Després
Repair of the CNS Using Endogenous and Transplanted
Neural Stem Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
R. C. Trueman, A. Klein, H. S. Lindgren, M. J. Lelos and S. B. Dunnett
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399