Neuroendocrinology of appetite

308 Pages·2016·4.17 MB·English

by  Suzanne L. Dickson

Neuroendocrinology of Appetite
Neuroendocrinology
of Appetite
EDITED BY
Suzanne L. Dickson
The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Julian G. Mercer
The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
This edition first published 2016
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Dickson, Suzanne L., editor. | Mercer, Julian G., editor.
Title: Neuroendocrinology of appetite / [edited by] Suzanne L Dickson, Julian G Mercer.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2016. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016022665| ISBN 9781118839324 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118839287 (Epdf) |
ISBN 9781118839300 (Epub) | ISBN 9781118839317 (Obook)
Subjects: | MESH: Appetite Regulation–physiology | Neurosecretory Systems–anatomy & histology |
Feeding and Eating Disorders–therapy
Classification: LCC RC552.E18 | NLM WI 102 | DDC 616.85/2606–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022665
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/12.5pt Meridien by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
1 2016
Contents
List of Contributors, vii
Series Preface, ix
Preface, xi
About the Companion Website, xiii
1 Neuroanatomy of Feeding Pathways, 1
Brian J. Oldfield, Paul N. Mirabella, and Aneta Stefanidis
2 Afferent Endocrine Control of Eating, 24
Wolfgang Langhans and Jens Juul Holst
3 Ontogeny of Neuroendocrine Feeding Circuits, 55
Sophie Croizier and Sebastien G. Bouret
4 Hypothalamic Peptides and Meal Patterns, 76
Yada Treesukosol and Timothy H. Moran
5 Food Hedonics: Insight from Animal Models, 90
Karolina P. Skibicka and Scott E. Kanoski
6 Functional and Anatomical Dissection of Feeding Circuits, 112
Deniz Atasoy and Scott M. Sternson
7 Exploring Appetite and Hypothalamic Circuitry through
Manipulating Gene Expression, 134
Tara Jois and Mark W. Sleeman
8 Electrophysiology of the Appetite‐Regulating Circuits
of the Hypothalamus, 151
Nancy Sabatier, John Menzies, and Gareth Leng
9 Functional Neuroimaging of Appetite and Gut–Brain
Interactions, 174
Paul A.M. Smeets and Hubert Preissl
10 Appetite Disorders: From Binge Eating to Anorexia Nervosa, 201
Mathieu Méquinion, Susanne la Fleur, and Odile Viltart
v
vi Contents
11 Future Prospects of the Management of Appetite Disorders:
Bariatric Surgery, 224
Carel le Roux and Karl Neff
12 Discovery of New Drugs for Weight Loss and Prevention
of Weight Regain 247
Anders Lehmann, Udo Bauer, Stephan Hjorth, Rudolph L. Leibel,
and Michael Rosenbaum
Index, 285
List of Contributors
Deniz Atasoy Tara Jois
Istanbul Medipol University Department of Physiology
Istanbul, Turkey Biomedicine Discovery Institute
Monash University
Udo Bauer Clayton, Victoria, Australia
AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal
Mölndal, Sweden Scott E. Kanoski
Department of Biological Sciences
Sebastien G. Bouret University of Southern California
The Saban Research Institute Los Angeles, California, USA
Developmental Neuroscience Program,
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Susanne La Fleur
University of Southern California Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Los Angeles, California, USA; Laboratory of Endocrinology
INSERM, Jean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center University of Amsterdam
University of Lille Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lille, France
Wolfgang Langhans
Sophie Croizier Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory
The Saban Research Institute Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health
Developmental Neuroscience Program, ETH Zurich
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, USA; Carel le Roux
INSERM, Jean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center Diabetes Complications Research Centre
University of Lille UCD Conway Institute
Lille, France School of Medicine and Medical Science
University College Dublin
Stephan Hjorth Dublin, Ireland
Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine
Institute of Medicine Anders Lehmann
The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University Division of Endocrinology
of Gothenburg Department of Physiology
Gothenburg, Sweden Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology
The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University
Jens Juul Holst of  Gothenburg
Department of Biomedical Sciences Gothenburg, Sweden
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen, Denmark
vii
viii List of Contributors
Rudolph L. Leibel Michael Rosenbaum
Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of
Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center
Columbia University Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, NY, USA New York, NY, USA
Gareth Leng Nancy Sabatier
Centre for Integrative Physiology Centre for Integrative Physiology
University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, UK Edinburgh, UK
John Menzies Karolina P. Skibicka
Centre for Integrative Physiology Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology
University of Edinburgh Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology
Edinburgh, UK The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University
of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
Mathieu Méquinion
Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille,
Mark W. Sleeman
UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche
Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry
Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer
and Molecular Biology
Lille, France;
Biomedicine Discovery Institute
Department of Physiology
Monash University
Faculty of Medicine, Monash University
Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Paul A.M. Smeets
Paul N. Mirabella
Image Sciences Institute
Department of Physiology
University Medical Center Utrecht
Monash University
Utrecht, The Netherlands and
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Division of Human Nutrition
Wageningen University and Research Centre
Timothy H. Moran
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Aneta Stefanidis
Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
Department of Physiology
Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center
Monash University
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Scott M. Sternson
Karl Neff
Janelia Research Campus
Diabetes Complications Research Centre Howard Hughes Medical Institute
UCD Conway Institute Ashburn, Virginia, USA
School of Medicine and Medical Science
University College Dublin Yada Treesukosol
Dublin, Ireland Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Brian J. Oldfield Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Physiology
Monash University Odile Viltart
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille,
UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche
Hubert Preissl Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Lille, France
Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the
University of Tübingen
Tübingen, Germany
Series Preface
This Series is a joint venture between the International Neuroendocrine
Federation and Wiley‐Blackwell. The broad aim of the Series is to provide
established researchers, trainees, and students with authoritative up‐to‐date
accounts of the present state of knowledge, and prospects for the future across
a range of topics in the burgeoning field of neuroendocrinology. The Series is
aimed at a wide audience as neuroendocrinology integrates neuroscience and
endocrinology. We define neuroendocrinology as the study of the control of
endocrine function by the brain and the actions of hormones on the brain. It
encompasses study of normal and abnormal function, and the developmental
origins of disease. It includes study of the neural networks in the brain that
regulate and form neuroendocrine systems. It also includes study of behaviors
and mental states that are influenced or regulated by hormones. It necessarily
includes understanding and study of peripheral physiological systems that
are regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms. Clearly, neuroendocrinology
embraces many current issues of concern to human health and well‐being, but
research on these issues necessitates reductionist animal models.
Contemporary research in neuroendocrinology involves use of a wide range of
techniques and technologies, from subcellular to systems and whole-organism
level. A particular aim of the Series is to provide expert advice and discussion
about experimental or study protocols in research in neuroendocrinology, and
to further advance the field by giving information and advice about novel
techniques, technologies, and interdisciplinary approaches.
To achieve our aims each book is on a particular theme in neuroendocrinol-
ogy, and for each book we have recruited an editor, or pair of editors, expert in
the field, and they have engaged an international team of experts to contribute
Chapters in their individual areas of expertise. Their mission was to give an
up‐date of knowledge and recent discoveries, to discuss new approaches, ‘gold‐
standard’ protocols, translational possibilities, and future prospects. Authors
were asked to write for a wide audience to minimize references, and to c onsider
use of video clips and explanatory text boxes; each Chapter is peer‐reviewed,
and has a Glossary, and each book has a detailed index. We have been guided
by an Advisory Editorial Board. The Masterclass Series is open‐ended; books in
the Series published to date are: Neurophysiology of Neuroendocrine Neurons (2014,
eds W.E. Armstrong and J.G. Tasker), Neuroendocrinology of Stress (2015, eds
J.A. Russell and M.J. Shipston), Molecular Neuroendocrinology: From Genome to
ix
x Series Preface
Physiology (2016, eds D. Murphy and H. Gainer); Computational Neuroendocrinology
(eds D.J. Macgregor and G. Leng). Books in preparation include The GnRH
Neuron and its Control.
Feedback and suggestions are welcome.
John A. Russell, University of Edinburgh,
and William E. Armstrong, University of Tennessee
Advisory Editorial Board:
Ferenc A. Antoni, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest
Tracy Bale, University of Pennsylvania
Rainer Landgraf, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich
Gareth Leng, University of Edinburgh
Stafford Lightman, University of Bristol
Andrew Loudon, University of Manchester
International Neuroendocrine Federation – www.isneuro.org
Preface
L’appétit vient en mangeant. Plus on a, plus on veut avoir.
(Appetite comes with eating. The more one has, the more one wants to have.)
When we reflect over this French saying, we realize the complexity of this term
‘appetite.’ It describes an instinctive need to eat that extends beyond the meta-
bolic need for the calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients found in foods
to encompass the pure pleasure of eating. This hedonic component to appetite
undoubtedly contributes to the tendency to over‐consume when palatable
foods are available. From an evolutionary perspective, appetite is important for
survival, ensuring that we went out into our environment to seek out and eat
foods, including foods of diverse nutritional value, and that we maximized
the energetic and nutritional gain during this previously ‘risky’ undertaking.
The neuroendocrinology of appetite involves extensive neurobiological
pathways, distributed throughout the brain, including those that sense energy
need, that process hunger and satiety information being forwarded from the
gastrointestinal tract and peripheral tissues, that predict the energy and reward
value of foods, as well as those that generate a behavioral outcome that culmi-
nates in a feeding response.
In the 1950s, classic lesion and stimulation experiments identified regions in
the hypothalamus that were important for energy balance, including the lateral
hypothalamus that was designated a role in hunger, and the ventromedial
nucleus with a role in satiation. Although advances over subsequent decades
revealed that this rather simplified push–pull model concealed a complex net-
work of interconnected nuclei in the hypothalamus and beyond, it formed the
foundation of a growing research field. This field was enormously invigorated
by the discovery of leptin in 1994 by the group of Jeffrey Friedman, a seminal
finding that opened a window on brain function for energy balance control,
and enabled the identification of specific pathways that direct food intake and
associated behaviors, as well as those involved in energy expenditure. In this
volume, we provide a state‐of‐the‐art account of these and other hypothalamic
regions of importance for appetite, including the key orexigenic and anorexi-
genic pathways and their ontogeny and electrophysiological properties. We
describe the many afferent signaling systems, including the prominent role of
gut‐derived circulating appetite‐regulating hormones, such as ghrelin and
xi