Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development, 173

534 Pages·2020·88.061 MB·English

by  Anne Gallagher, Christine Bulteau, David Cohen, Jacques Michaud

NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT
HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL
NEUROLOGY
Series Editors
MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANÇOIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB
VOLUME 173
NEUROCOGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT:
NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Series Editors
MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANÇOIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB
Volume Editors
ANNE GALLAGHER, CHRISTINE BULTEAU, DAVID COHEN,
AND JACQUES L. MICHAUD
VOLUME 173
3rd Series
ELSEVIER
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Vol.79,The humanhypothalamus: basic andclinicalaspects, Part I,D.F.Swaab, ed.ISBN 9780444513571
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Vol.87,Malformations of the nervoussystem, H.B. SarnatandP.Curatolo, eds.ISBN 9780444518965
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Vol.95,History ofneurology,S. Finger, F. Boller andK.L.Tyler, eds.ISBN9780444520081
Vol.96,Bacterial infections ofthe central nervoussystem, K.L.Roos andA.R.Tunkel, eds.ISBN9780444520159
Vol.97,Headache, G.Nappi andM.A.Moskowitz, eds.ISBN 9780444521392
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Vol.102, Neuro-ophthalmology,C. Kennard andR.J.Leigh, eds.ISBN9780444529039
Vol.103, Ataxicdisorders,S.H. Subramony andA.Durr, eds.ISBN9780444518927
Vol.104, Neuro-oncology Part I,W.Grisold andR.Sofietti, eds. ISBN9780444521385
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ISBN 9780444534903
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Vol.117, Autonomicnervoussystem, R.M.Buijs andD.F.Swaab, eds.ISBN 9780444534910
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vi AVAILABLETITLES(Continued)
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Vol.158, Sports neurology,B. Hainline andR.A. Stern, eds.ISBN9780444639547
Vol.159, Balance,gait,andfalls, B.L. DayandS.R. Lord,eds.ISBN9780444639165
Vol.160, Clinicalneurophysiology: Basis andtechnical aspects,K.H.Levin andP. Chauvel, eds.ISBN9780444640321
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Vol.162, Neonatalneurology,L.S. DeVriesandH.C. Glass, eds.ISBN 9780444640291
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Vol.167, Geriatric neurology,S.T.DeKoskyandS. Asthana,eds.ISBN 9780128047668
Vol.168, Brain-computer interfaces, N.F.Ramsey andJ.del R.Millán, eds. ISBN9780444639349
Vol.169, Meningiomas,Part I,M.W.McDermott, ed. ISBN9780128042809
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All volumes in the 3rd Series of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology are published electronically, on Science Direct: http://
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Foreword
In daily life, we constantly use language, overt or covert, various types of memories, spatial orientation, and other
cognitivefunctions,usuallywithouteventhinkingaboutthem.Thesameistrueforchildren’scognitivedevelopment.
Allofthesecognitivefunctionsaretakenforgrantedandonlywhensomethinggoeswrongdowebecomeawareof
theircomplexity.InanearliervolumeoftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologyeditedbyOlivierDulac(Paris),Maryse
Lassonde(Montreal),andHarveySarnat(Calgary),asectionofVolume111onpediatricneurologywasdedicatedto
developmental abnormalities. Even though that section was prepared less than a decade ago, new advances in our
approachtochildrenwithneurodevelopmentaldelaysordisabilitieshaveoccurred,basedondevelopmentsingenetics,
neuroimaging, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence. All these amply justify a new title, “Neurocognitive
Development,”whichisnowcoveredintwovolumes.
Thefirstvolume,“NormativeDevelopment,”includesfivesections.Theintroductorysectionincludesclassifica-
tion as well as historical and ethical considerations. The second and third sections are dedicated to development,
plasticity,andvulnerabilityofthedevelopingbrain.Thisisfollowedbyasectionontheneuroscientificbasisoftypical
functionalneurodevelopmentfromintellectualabilitiestosocialcognition,andincludesachapterdiscussingtherole
of the cerebellum in neuropsychologic functioning. The final section of the volume deals with the etiologies
ofneurodevelopmentaldisordersincludinggeneticmechanisms,theeffectofsex,andtheimpactofprematurityon
development,aswellasachapterdedicatedtotheeffectofpregnancyandfetalrisks.
Thesecondvolume,“DisordersandDisabilities,”firstdealswithspecificneurodevelopmentaldisordersincluding
disorders of coordination, language, attention, reading, memory, and nonverbal dysfunction. The next section, on
complex neurodevelopmental disorders, deals with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and
multidimensional impairment. The following section covers assessment, including neurologic, psychiatric, and
neuropsychologic assessment, and investigative neurophysiologic techniques, as well as structural and functional
neuroimaging.Thefinalsectionofthevolumedealswithrehabilitationandlong-termoutcomeincludingeducation
andquality-of-lifeissues.Thisisrightlyrecognizedasakeyoutcomeofchronichealthconditions,anditsassessmentis
recommendedforbothclinicalcareandclinicaltrials.
Forthismassiveundertaking,wehavehadthegoodfortuneofhavingfouroutstandingandexperiencedvolume
editors:AnneGallagher,PhD,DepartmentofPsychology,Universit(cid:1)edeMontr(cid:1)eal,Quebec,Canada;ChristineBulteau,
MD, PhD, Institute of Psychology, Sorbonne, and Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Rothschild Foundation
Hospital,Paris,France;DavidCohen,MD,PhD,Universit(cid:1)ePierreetMarieCurieandPiti(cid:1)e-Salp^etrière,Paris,France;
andJacquesL.Michaud,MD,CHUSainte-Justine,andFacultyofMedicine,Universit(cid:1)edeMontr(cid:1)eal,Quebec,Canada.
As series editors, we reviewed all the chapters in the volume and made suggestions for improvement, but we are
delighted that the volume editors and chapter authors produced such scholarly and comprehensive accounts of
differentaspectsofneurocognitivedevelopment.Theydeserveevenmorecreditasthechapterswerewrittenwhile
theworldwasgrippedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Despitethis,theywereabletoincludenearlyallthematerialthat
neededtobecovered.Asaresult,wehopethatthevolumewillappealtocliniciansandneuroscientistsalike.Ourgoal
wastoprovideclinicianswithastate-of-the-artreferencethatsummarizestheclinicalfeaturesandmanagementofthe
manyneurologicmanifestationsofneurocognitivedevelopment.Wealsohopedtoprovidebasicresearcherswiththe
foundationsfornewapproachestothestudyofthecomplexissuesinvolved.
Inadditiontotheprintversion,thevolumesarealsoavailableelectronicallyonElsevier’sScienceDirectwebsite.
Indeed,allofthevolumesinthepresentseriesoftheHandbookareavailableelectronicallyonthiswebsite.Thisshould
makethemevenmoreaccessibletoreadersandfacilitatesearchesforspecificinformation.
viii FOREWORD
Asalways,itisapleasuretothankElsevier,ourpublisher,andinparticularMichaelParkinsoninScotland,Nikki
Levy and Kristi Anderson in San Diego, and Punithavathy Govindaradjane at Elsevier Global Book Production in
Chennai,fortheirassistanceinthedevelopmentandproduction ofthesetwovolumesoftheHandbookofClinical
Neurology.
MichaelJ.Aminoff
Franc¸oisBoller
DickF.Swaab
Preface
Volumes173and174oftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologyfocusonneurocognitivedevelopment.Theyprovidean
up-to-datereviewofthetheoreticalconceptsoftypicalneurodevelopmentaswellastheconceptualframework,eti-
ologies,diagnosis,assessment,andtreatmentofneurodevelopmentaldysfunctionsfoundinvariouscognitive,behav-
ioral,andneurodevelopmentaldisorders.
Inthepast20years,majordiscoverieshavecontributedtoourunderstandingoftheunderlyingmechanismsand
geneticbasisofcognitivedeficits,andtherelationshipbetweenspecificneurodevelopmentaldisorders,theircomor-
bidities,andenvironmentalfactors.Newtechnologies,notablyingenetics,epigenetics,machinelearning,andneuro-
imaging,haveledtovariousscientificbreakthroughs,aidedbysignificantadvancesindevelopmentalneuropsychology
andnewresearchtrendsincludinghighlyinterdisciplinarywork.
Thesedevelopmentsarecoveredindetailintwovolumes.Thefirst,Volume173,focusesontypicalneurodevelop-
mentandthesecond,Volume174,onalteredneurodevelopment.Thefirstvolumeincludesfivesectionsthatgivethe
readeranunderstandingofthebasicsofneurodevelopment.Section1providesdefinitionsaswellashistoricaland
ethicalviewsrelatedtoneurodevelopmentaldisabilities.Section2,onthebiologicalbasisoftypicalneurodevelop-
ment,describesthemainbasicdevelopmentalstepsofthecentralnervoussystem.Section3coversthecentralconcepts
related tothespecificityofthedevelopingbrainthatarecrucialforanunderstandingofneurodevelopmentandthe
impacts of an insult at an early age. Section 4 on the neuroscientific basis of typical functional neurodevelopment
describesthenormaldevelopmentofmotor,sensory,andcognitivefunctions.ThevolumeendswithSection5,which
addressesthemainetiologiesofneurodevelopmentaldisordersincludinggeneticabnormalities,environmentalcauses,
andbraininsults.Wealsodetailhowsexmodulatesneurodevelopmentaldisordersandtheeffectsofbraininsultson
braindevelopment,whichinturnprovidesnewinsightsintotheconceptual basisoftypicalneurodevelopmentand
offersnewavenuesforfuturebraintherapies.
Thesecondvolumestartswithtwosectionsonneurodevelopmentaldisabilitiesinthepediatricpopulation,covering
specificandcomplexneurodevelopmentaldisorders(Sections1and2,respectively).Section3coversthemethodsand
toolsusedfortheassessmentofneurodevelopment disorders.The finalsection(Section 4)contains discussionson
patient care, rehabilitation, and long-term outcomes. Although major advances in scientific knowledge, diagnosis,
andadvocacyhavebeenmadeinthepasttwodecades,additionalinterdisciplinaryresearchisneededtoimproveearly
detectionand,importantly,provideindividualizedefficientinterventions.
Wewouldliketothanktheserieseditors,MichaelJ.Aminoff,Franc¸oisBoller,andDickF.Swaab,whoofferedusthe
opportunitytopublishthisvolumeinthemostprestigiousseriesinneurology.WealsosincerelythankMichaelParkinson,
developmenteditor,whoguidedusthroughthiswholeexperiencewithendlesspatience.Together,asvolumeeditors,we
provideaninterdisciplinarypediatricexpertiseincludingchildneuropsychology,neurology,psychiatry,andgeneticsand
coveringclinicalandresearchdomainsrelatedtotypicalandalteredneurodevelopment.Wearegratefultothe138authors
whocontributedcomprehensiveandclearlystructuredmanuscriptsandvaluableillustrations.
Itisourhopethatthisvolumeoffersacomprehensivecoverageofbasicandinnovativeknowledgeinthefieldof
neurocognitivedevelopmentthatwillbeofvaluetoallourreaders.
AnneGallagher
ChristineBulteau
DavidCohen
JacquesL.Michaud