Neurochemical Correlates of Cerebral Ischemia

377 Pages·1992·12.597 MB·English

by  Myron D. Ginsberg, Pierre Braquet (auth.), Nicolas G. Bazan, Pierre Braquet, Myron D. Ginsberg (eds.)

Neurochemical
Correlates of
Cerebral Ischemia
Advances in Neurochemistry
SERIES EDITORS
B. W. Agranoff, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
M. H. Aprison, Indiana University School ofM edicine, Indianapolis
ADVISORY EDITORS
J. Axelrod F. Margolis P. Morell J. S. O'Brien
F. Fonnum B. S. McEwen W. T. Norton E. Roberts
Volumes 1-4 Edited by B. W. Agranoff and M. H. Aprison
Volume 5 OLIGODENDROGLIA
Edited by William T. Norton
Volume 6 AXONAL TRANSPORT IN NEURONAL GROWTH
AND REGENERAn ON
Edited by John S. Elam and Paul Cancalon
Volume 7 NEUROCHEMICAL CORRELATES OF
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
Edited by Nicolas G. Bazan, Pierre Braquet,
and Myron D. Ginsberg
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information please contact the publisher.
Neurochemical
Correlates of
Cerebral Ischemia
Editedby
Nicolas G. Bazan
Louisiana State University Medical Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Pierre Braquet
Institut Henri Bealifour
Paris, France
and
Myron D. Ginsberg
University of Miami School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publication Data
Neurochemical correlates of cerebral lschem1a I edited by Nicolas G.
Bazan. Pierre Braquet. and Myron D. Ginsbery.
p. cm. -- CAdvances 1n neurochemlstry ; v. 7l
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6458-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-3312-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3312-2
1. Cerebral ischemla--Pathophysiology. 2. Neurochemistry.
I. Bazan. Nicolas G. II. Braquet. P. CPierre) III. Ginsberg. Myron
D. IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Brain Damage, Chron1c--metabol1sm. 2. Cerebral
Ischemia--metabolis •. 3. Ce~ebral Ischemia--physiopathology.
<:. Neurochemistry. rl1 AD684E v.7 I IrlL 355 N4943)
OP356.3.H37 voI. 7
[RC388.5)
599' .0188 s--dc20
[616.8'1)
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 92-9177
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4613-6458-0
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenurn Pres, New York 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1992
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONTRIBUTORS
TAKAO ASANO • Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center,
Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan
A. BAETHMANN • Institute for Surgical Research, Klinikum Grosshadern,
Ludwig Maximilians University, 8000 Munchen 70, and Institute of Neuro
surgical Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, 6500 Mainz, Germany
ROHIT BAKSHI • Departments ofN eurology and Neurosurgery, University of
California, San Francisco, California
NICOLAS G. BAZAN • LSU Eye Center and Neuroscience Center, LSU
Medical Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
PIERRE BRAQUET • Institut Henri Beaufour, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson,
Paris, France
PAK H. CHAN • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Department of
Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco,
California
THELMA CHAN • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Department of
Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco,
California
CHU KUANG CHEN • Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Neuro
science Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
SYLVIA CHEN • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Department of
Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco,
California
LILLIAN CHU • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Department of
Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco,
California
RHOBERT W. EVANS • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Penn
sylvania
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
ALAN I. FADEN • Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University
of California, San Francisco, California
AKHLAQ A. FAROOQUI • Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
TAHIRA FAROOQUI • Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
STEPHEN K. FISHER • Department of Pharmacology, University of Michi
gan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
MYRON D. GINSBERG • Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, De
partment of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami,
Florida
STEVEN H. GRAHAM • Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Uni
versity of California, San Francisco, California
GEORGE A. GREGORY • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Depart
ment of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, California
J. A. HELPERN • Center for Stroke Research, Department of Neurology,
Henry Ford Hospital and Health Science Center, Detroit, Michigan, and
Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
YUTAKA HIRASHIMA • Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
LLOYD A. HORROCKS • Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
K.-A. HOSSMANN • Department of Experimental Neurology, Max Planck
Institute for Neurological Research, D-5000 Cologne 41, Germany
SHIGEKI IMAIZUMI • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Department
of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco,
California
MICHAEL V. JOHNSTON • Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns
Hopkins University and Kennedy Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
JUDITH A. KELLEHER • CNS Injury and Edema Research Center, Depart
ment of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, California
0. KEMPSKI • Institute for Surgical Research, Klinikum Grosshadern, Lud
wig Maximilians University, 8000 Munchen 70, and Institute ofN eurosurgi
cal Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, 6500 Mainz, Germany
PATRICK M. KOCHANEK • Department ofA nesthesiology and Critical Care
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Penn
sylvania
KYUYAKOGURE • Department ofN eurology, Institute ofB rain Diseases, 1-1
Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan
CONTRIBUTORS vii
JOSEPH C. LAMANNA • Departments of Neurology and Physiology/
Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Uni
versity Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
MATTHIAS LEMKE • Departments ofN eurology and Neurosurgery, Univer
sity of California, San Francisco, California
STEVEN R. LEVINE • Center for Stroke Research, Department ofN eurology,
Henry Ford Hospital and Health Science Center, Detroit, Michigan
W DAVID LUST • Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of
Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and
University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
G. B. MARTIN • Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital
and Health Science Center, Detroit, Michigan
BRIAN MELDRUM • Department ofN eurology, Institute of Psychiatry, Lon
don, United Kingdom
SHINICHI NAKANO • Department ofN eurology, Institute ofB rain Diseases,
I-I Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan
EDWIN M. NEMOTO • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Penn
sylvania
W PASCHEN • Department of Experimental Neurology, Max Planck Institute
for Neurological Research, D-5000 Cologne 41, Germany
ROBERT A. RATCHESON • Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, De
partment of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
WARREN R. SELMAN • Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Depart
ment of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
TAKAO SHIMIZU • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Uni
versity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
FAYE S. SILVERSTEIN • Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Neuro
science Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
DANIEL STATMAN • Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Neuro
science Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
GRACE Y. SUN • Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Colum
bia, Missouri
TAKASHI WATANABE • Division of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurological
Sciences, Tottori University of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
PHILLIP WEINSTEIN • Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Uni
versity of California, San Francisco, California
K. M. A. WELCH • Center for Stroke Research, Department of Neurology,
Henry Ford Hospital and Health Science Center, Detroit, Michigan
viii CONTRIBUTORS
FRANK A. WELSH • Division of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DAVID E WILSON • Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical
School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
SABRINA YUM • Departments ofN eurology and Neurosurgery, University of
California, San Francisco, California
PREFACE
This volume summarizes current knowledge on neurochemical correlates of
cerebral ischemia, emphasizing their relevance to function and their pathophysio
logical significance.
The study of neurochemical correlates of cerebral ischemia and trauma pro
vides a strong foundation for the definition of mechanisms of damage, the
identification of possible therapeutic targets, and the assessment of new drugs.
The pathophysiological roles of oxygen radicals, protein and polyamine metabo
lism, biologically active lipids, metabolic alterations, excitatory amino acid
neurotransmitters, cell signaling, second messengers, inositol lipids, pyruvate
dehydrogenase, and other neurochemical events are described.
We thank the authors for their efforts in contributing updates of their work for
inclusion in this volume. Although we have a central focus throughout this book
and, therefore, unity, we did not want to impose restrictions on the contributors.
The outcome is well balanced, partially overlapping in some cases, and in many
instances includes discussion of the clinical relevance of the neurochemical
correlates described as well as future research directions. This book is not the
proceedings of a meeting but reflects the achievement of our goal to generate a
source of current ideas on the subject.
The Editors
ix
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION: CURRENT BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECUlAR
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
MYRON D. GINSBERG, PIERRE BRAQUET, AND NICOLAS G. BAZAN
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Role of Calcium Ion and Enzyme Activation in Ischemia. . . . . . . . 3
3. Neurotransmitter Mediation of Ischemic Brain Injury ........... 4
4. Plasma Glucose Level and the Role of Brain Acidosis .......... 4
5. Importance of Brain Temperature in Ischemic Injury ........... 5
6. Oxygen Radicals and Lipid-Derived Mediators of Ischemic
Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7. Concluding Observations .................................. 6
References .............................................. 6
CHAPTER 2
METABOLIC CORRELATES OF FOCAL ISCHEMIA
WARREN R. SELMAN, JOSEPH C. LAMANNA, ROBERT A. RATCHESON,
AND W. DAVID LuST
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. 1. Definition of Focal Ischemia .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Blood-Flow-Metabolism-Function Coupling .................. 10
2. 1. General Considerations ............................... 10
2.2. Brain Work ......................................... 11
xi