Neurobionics: The Biomedical Engineering of Neural Prostheses

357 Pages·2016·4.386 MB·English

by  Robert K. Shepherd

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NEUROBIONICS
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NEUROBIONICS
The Biomedical Engineering of Neural
Prostheses
Editedby
ROBERTK.SHEPHERD
BionicsInstitute&TheUniversityofMelbourne,Australia
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Shepherd,RobertK.,editor.
Title:Neurobionics:thebiomedicalengineeringofneuralprostheses/
editedbyRobertK.Shepherd.
Othertitles:Neurobionics(Shepherd)
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2016]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016002807(print)|LCCN2016004110(ebook)|ISBN
9781118814871(cloth)|ISBN9781118816141(pdf)|ISBN9781118816035
(epub)
Subjects:|MESH:NervousSystemPhysiologicalPhenomena|Bionics|Neural
Prostheses|Brain-ComputerInterfaces
Classification:LCCR857.M3(print)|LCCR857.M3(ebook)|NLMWL102|DDC
610.28–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016002807
Coverimage:Getty/HemeraTechnologies
Insetimage:InsetPhotousedwithpermissionoftheBionicsInstitute,EastMelbourne,Australia
Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10987654321
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Thisbookisdedicatedtomywife,Ursula,forherwonderfulsupport,
encouragementandcounseloverthelast40years;toourchildrenDamonand
Anna;theirpartnersJoandJunior;andourgrandchildrenHarley,Michaela,
JordanandHeidiwhoenrichourlivesdaily.
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CONTENTS
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS xv
PREFACE xvii
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PARTI FUNDAMENTALSOFNEURALPROSTHESES 1
1 TheHistoricalFoundationsofBionics 3
N.DonaldsonandG.S.Brindley
1.1 BionicsPastandFuture 3
1.2 Historyin1973 5
1.2.1 Biomaterials 5
1.2.2 Nervestimulationandrecording 6
1.2.3 Transistors 8
1.2.4 Conclusion 9
1.3 Anaesthesia 9
1.4 AsepticSurgery 10
1.5 ClinicalObservationandExperiments 10
1.6 HermeticPackages 13
1.6.1 Vacuummethods 14
1.6.2 Welding 15
1.6.3 Glass 15
1.6.4 Glassceramicsandsolderglasses 16
1.6.5 Ceramics 18
1.6.6 Microcircuittechnologies 19
vii
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viii CONTENTS
1.6.7 Leaktesting 20
1.7 Encapsulation(ElectricalInsulation) 20
1.7.1 Insulation 20
1.7.2 Underwaterinsulation 21
1.7.3 Silicones 21
1.7.4 Primers 24
1.8 EarlyImplantedDevices 27
1.9 Afterword 29
References 35
2 DevelopmentofStableLong-termElectrodeTissueInterfacesfor
RecordingandStimulation 38
J.Schouenborg
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 TissueResponsesintheBraintoanImplantedForeignBody 39
2.2.1 Acutetissueresponses 39
2.2.2 Chronictissueresponses 40
2.2.3 Ontheimportanceofphysiologicalconditions 40
2.3 BrainComputerInterfaces(BCI) – State-of-the-Art 41
2.4 BiocompatibilityofBCI – ontheImportanceofMechanical
Compliance 42
(cid:2) 2.5 NovelElectrodeConstructsandImplantationProcedures 45 (cid:2)
2.5.1 Methodstoimplantultraflexibleelectrodes 45
2.5.2 Surfaceconfigurations 46
2.5.3 Matrixembeddedelectrodes 47
2.5.4 Electrodearraysencorporatingdrugs 49
2.6 ConcludingRemarks 50
Acknowledgements 51
References 51
3 ElectrochemicalPrinciplesofSafeChargeInjection 55
S.F.Cogan,D.J.Garrett,andR.A.Green
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 ChargeInjectionRequirements 56
3.2.1 Stimulationlevelsforfunctionalresponses 56
3.2.2 Tissuedamagethresholds 56
3.2.3 Chargeinjectionprocesses 58
3.2.4 Capacitivechargeinjection 58
3.2.5 Faradaicchargeinjection 60
3.2.6 Stimulationwaveforms 61
3.2.7 Voltagetransientanalysis 63
3.3 ElectrodeMaterials 70
3.3.1 Non-noblemetalelectrodes 70
3.3.2 Noblemetals 70
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