Table Of ContentNeurobiology and Clinical
Aspects of the Outer Retina
The front cover illustration shows a transverse section of the parafocal area of a monkey's
outer retina. The inserts on the back cover are tangential views of the outer nuclear layer.
(Courtesy of Dr Ron Douglas, photomicrography by Sinclair Stammers.)
Neurobiology and
Clinical Aspects of the
Outer Retina
Edited by
M.B.A. Djamgoz
Professor of Neurobiology
Department of Biology
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
London
UK
S.N. Archer
Senior Research Fellow
International Marine Centre
Oristano
Italy
and
S. Vallerga
Senior Researcher
Institute of Cybernetics and Biophysics
Italian National Research Council
Genoa
Italy
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1995
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995
Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon
ISBN 978-94-010-4237-6 ISBN 978-94-011-0533-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0533-0
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private
study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be
reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the
case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of
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Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries
concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent
to the publishers at the London address printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with
regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and
cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or
omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-67595
Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Contents
List of contributors vii
Preface xi
1. Development and morphological organization of photoreceptors 1
Pamela A. Raymond
2. Cell biology and metabolic activity of photoreceptor cells: light-evoked and
circadian regulation 25
P. Michael Iuvone
3. Determinants of visual pigment spectral location and photoreceptor cell
spectral sensitivity 57
Ellis R. Loew
4. Molecular biology of visual pigments 79
Simon Archer
5. Phototransduction, excitation and adaptation 105
Satoru Kawamura
6. Photoreceptor synaptic output: neurotransmitter release and photoreceptor
coupling 133
Steven Barnes
7. Photoreceptor-horizontal cell connectivity, synaptic transmission and
neuromodulation 155
Mustafa B.A. Djamgoz, Hans-Joachim Wagner and Paul Witkovsky
8. Horizontal cell coupling and its regulation 195
Mark W. Hankins
9. Cross-talk between cones and horizontal cells through the feedback circuit 221
Marco Piccolino
10. Neurotransmitter release from horizontal cells 249
Stephen Yazulla
v
Contents
11. The organization of photoreceptor to bipolar synapses in the
outer plexiform layer 273
Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson
12. Photoreceptor-bipolar cell transmission 297
Richard Shiells
13. Functional architecture of mammalian outer retina and bipolar cells 325
Peter Sterling, Robert C. Smith, Rukmini Rao and Noga Vardi
14. Neurotransmitter release from bipolar cells 349
Masao Tachibana
15. Interplexiform cell connectivity in the outer retina 369
Robert E. Marc
16. The involvement of Muller cells in the outer retina 395
Andreas Reichenbach and Stephen R. Robinson
17. Clinical aspects: outer retinal dystrophies 417
Alan C. Bird
18. Clinical aspects: retinitis pigmentosa 447
Eberhart Zrenner, Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla and Klaus RUther
19. Clinical aspects: paraneoplastic retinopathy 461
Ann H. Milam
20. Clinical aspects: Parkinson's disease 473
Ivan Bodis-Wollner and Andrea Antal
Index 493
vi
Contributors
Andrea Antal Alan C. Bird
Division of Neurology Institute of Ophthalmology
University of Nebraska Medical Center Moorfields Eye Hospital
660 S 42nd Street Department of Clinical Ophthalmology
Omaha City Road
NE 68198-2045 London EC1 V 2PD
USA UK
Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla
Ivan Bodis-Wollner
Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and
Department of Neurology
Pathophysiology of Vision
SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn
University Eye Hospital
450 Clarkson A venue
Schleichstrasse 12-16
Brooklyn
72076 Tiibingen
NY 11203-2098
Germany
USA
Simon Archer
Mustafa B.A. Djamgoz
International Marine Centre
Department of Biology
Lungomare Eleonora d' Arborea 22
Neurobiology Group
09072 Torregrande
Imperial College of Science, Technology
Oristano
and Medicine
Italy
Prince Consort Road
London SW7 2BB
UK
Steven Barnes
Neuroscience Research Group and Lions
Sight Centre
University of Calgary Mark W. Hankins
Faculty of Medicine Gunnar Svaetichin Laboratory
3330 Hospital Drive N.W. Imperial College at Silwood Park
Calgary Ascot
Alberta Berkshire SL5 7PY
Canada T2N 4N1 UK
vii
Contributors
P. Michael Iuvone National Institute of Neurological Disorders
Emory University School of Medicine and Stroke
Department of Pharmacology National Institutes of Health
Atlanta Bethesda
GA 30322-3090 MD 20892
USA USA
Satoru Kawamura Marco Piccolino
Department of Physiology Instituto di Fisiologia Generale
Keio University, School of Medicine Universita di Ferrara
Shinano-machi 35 Via L. Borsari 46
Shinjuku-ku 44100 Ferrara (Italy)
Tokyo 160 and
Japan Instituto di Neurofisiologia del CNR
Via S. Zeno 51
Helga Kolb 56110 Pisa
John A. Moran Eye Center Italy
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City
Rukmini Rao
UT 84132
University of Pennsylvania
USA
Department of Neuroscience
Philadelphia
Ellis R. Loew
PA 19104-6058
Physiology
USA
Cornell University
Ithaca
Pamela A. Raymond
NY 14853
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
USA
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor
Robert E. Marc
MI48109--616
John Moran Eye Center
USA
University of Utah Health Services Center
50 North Medical Drive
Salt Lake City Andreas Riechenbach
UT 84132 Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology
USA Leipzig University
Liebigstrasse 27
Ann H. Milam D 04103
Department of Ophthalmology RJ-10 Leipzig
University of Washington Germany
Seattle
Washington Stephen R. Robinson
USA Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre
The University of Queensland
Ralph Nelson Brisbane
Laboratory of Neurophysiology Australia
viii
Contributors
Klaus Ruther Noga Vardi
Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and University of Pennsylvania
Pathophysiology of Vision Department of Neuroscience
University Eye Hospital Philadelphia
Schleichstrasse 12-16 PA 19104-6058
72176 Tiibingen USA
Germany
Hans-Joachim Wagner
Richard Shiells
Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tiibingen
Department of Physiology
Anatomisches Institut Osterberstrasse 3
University College London
D 72-74 Tiibingen
Gower Street
Germany
London WClE 6BT
UK
Paul Witkovsky
Robert G. Smith Department of Ophthalmology
University of Pennsylvania New York University Medical Center
Department of Neuroscience 550 First Avenue
Philadelphia New York
PA 19104-6058 NY 10016
USA USA
Peter Sterling
Stephen Yazulla
University of Pennsylvania
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
Department of Neuroscience
University of Stony Brook
Philadelphia
Stony Brook
PA 19104-6058
NY 11794-5230
USA
USA
Masao Tachibana
Department of Psychiatry Eberhart Zrenner
Faculty of Letters Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and
The University of Tokyo Pathophysiology of Vision
7-3-1 Hongo University Eye Hospital
Bunkgo-ku Schleichstrasse 12-16
Tokyo 113 72076 Tiibingen
Japan Germany
ix
Preface
This book deals with the cellular biology, biochemistry and physiology of photoreceptors and
their interactions with the second-order neurons, bipolar and horizontal cells. The focus is
upon the contributions made by these neurons to vision. Thus the basic neurobiology of the
outer retina is related to the visual process, and visual defects that could arise from
abnormalities in this part of the retina are highlighted in the first 16 chapters. Since all
vertebrate retinas have the same basic structure and physiological plan, examples are given
from a variety of species, with an emphasis upon mammals, extending to human vision. The
last four chapters approach the problem from the other end. This part of the book covers a
range of clinical conditions involving visual abnormalities that are due to cellular defects in the
outer retina. Although the contents of this book do not represent the proceedings of a
conference, the concept arose at an international symposium on 'Recent Advances in Retinal
Research' which was held at the International Marine Centre in Oristano, Sardinia. We hope
that the book will give a coherent, up to date review of the neurobiology and clinical aspects of
the outer retina and encourage further integration of these areas. Retinal neurobiology has
been an intense field of investigation for several decades. More recently, it has seen significant
advances with the application of modern techniques of cell and molecular biology. We hope
that the book will be instrumental in the ultimate exploitation of this knowledge in clinical
practice.
In trying to achieve these aims, we depended on numerous people to whom we are
grateful. We particularly appreciated the patience and co-operation of all the contributing
authors, especially at times when we pressed them to make modifications to their chapters in
order to maximize the integration of the neurobiological and clinical aspects of the topics
being covered, and to meet deadlines. In choosing a restricted group of authors to realize the
envisaged product, we inadvertantly could not involve many other experts in the field.
However, we trust that all major findings essential to the philosophy of the book have been
sufficiently represented. Finally, we would like to thank Rachel Young and staff at Chapman
& Hall for their unfailing advice and support (and patience) in realizing the aims of the
project.
M.B.A. Djamgoz, S.N. Archer and S. Vallerga
London and Oristano
1994
xi
