Neuroanatomy for Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology

403 Pages·2020·55.124 MB·

by  Matthew H Rouse

Neuroanatomy
SECOND EDITION
Matthew H. Rouse, SLP.D.
Associate Professor and Chair
Communication Disorders
Biola University, La Mirada, California
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rouse, Matthew H., author.
Title: Neuroanatomy for speech-language pathology and audiology / Matthew H. Rouse.
Description: Second edition. | Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018052232 | ISBN 9781284151060
Subjects: | MESH: Communication Disorders | Neurologic Manifestations | Central Nervous System—anatomy & histology |
Central Nervous System Diseases—pathology | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
Classification: LCC RC423 | NLM WL 340.2 | DDC 616.85/5—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018052232
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Printed in the United States of America
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This book is dedicated to three sets of people:
To my wife, Chrissie, and my daughters, Torie and Lexie… thank you for
your gracious gift of time to complete this work.
To my parents… thank you for your years of love, commitment,
and encouragement.
To my neuroanatomy students… thank you for your feedback.
You have all made this text better.

© VeraPetruk/Getty Images
Brief Contents
Preface xiii
About the Author xvii
Reviewers xix
PART I Introductory Issues 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 Navigation and Organization of the Nervous System . . . . . 27
Chapter 3 Development of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PART II General Neuroanatomy 59
Chapter 4 The Cells of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 5 The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cranial Nerves,
and Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 6 Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Brain Ventricles . . . . . . 131
Chapter 7 The Cerebrum: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chapter 8 The Cerebrum: Cerebral Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
PART III Neuroanatomy Applied to Communication
and Communication Disorders 201
Chapter 9 Consciousness and Disorders of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 10 The Neurology of Hearing and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
v
vi Brief Contents
Chapter 11 The Neurology of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chapter 12 The Neurology of Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 13 The Neurology of Swallowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Chapter 14 The Neurology of Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 15 The Neurology of Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
PART IV Practicing Neuroanatomy 337
Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Glossary 355
Index 371
© VeraPetruk/Getty Images
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Chapter 2 Navigation and Organization
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Navigation of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
PART I Introductory Issues 1 Anatomical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
The Anatomical Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Anatomical Versus Clinical Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 1 Introduction to Neurology . . . . . . . 3 Body Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Directional Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Introduction: Defining Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Muscle Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
The Need for Neurological Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Organizational Approaches
A Broad Overview of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . .5 to the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
The Nervous System Is a Precious Resource . . . . . . . . . . 5 An Anatomical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
What Does Neurology Mean to Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A Functional Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Famous People With Neurological A Developmental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Approach of This Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of Neurological
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Classification of Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
A Brief History of Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Early History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Later History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Modern History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Neuroscience Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Structural Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Functional Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Chapter 3 Development of the
Combined Structural and Functional Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Which Test When? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
A Caution Regarding Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . .22 Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Fertilization and the First Weeks of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Structural Development of the Infant Brain . . . . . . . .49
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Dorsal Induction (GA: 3–7 Weeks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Ventral Induction (GA: 2–3 Months) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Neural Proliferation (GA: 3–4 Months) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Neuronal Migration (GA: 3–5 Months) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Cortical Organization and Synapse
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Formation (GA: 5 Months to Years Postnatal) . . . . .54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Myelination (GA: Birth to Years Postnatal) . . . . . . . . . . .55
vii
viii Contents
Functional Development of the Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Infant Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
The Development of the Adolescent Brain . . . . . . . . .55
The Brain in Normal Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Chapter 5 The Spinal Cord, Brainstem,
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Cranial Nerves, and Cerebellum . . . .93
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
The Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Spinal Cord Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Spinal Cord Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Select Disorders of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
External Organization of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . .107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Internal Organization of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Select Disorders of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
The Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
PART II General Neuroanatomy 59
Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Cranial Nerve II: The Optic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Chapter 4 The Cells of the Cranial Nerve III: The Oculomotor Nerve . . . . . . . . . . .117
Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Cranial Nerve IV: The Trochlear Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Cranial Nerve V: The Trigeminal Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Cranial Nerve VI: The Abducens Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Historical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Cranial Nerve VIII: The Vestibulocochlear
(or Auditory) Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Cranial Nerve IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve . . . . .121
The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Cranial Nerve X: The Vagus Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Cells, Tissues, and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal
An Overview of Nervous System Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Accessory Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Cranial Nerve XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve . . . . . . . . . .122
Glial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
The Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Neuron Form and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Anatomy of the Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Neuron Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Cerebellar Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Important Aspects of Neuron Function . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Select Disorders of the Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
The Firing Neuron: The Analogy of a Gun . . . . . . . . . . .76
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
The All- or-None Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Select Disorders of Nervous System Cells . . . . . . . . . .82
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Intellectual Disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Multiple Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Myasthenia Gravis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Guillain–Barré Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Chapter 6 Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia,
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
and Brain Ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 The Diencephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Contents ix
Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Age Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Subthalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Transference Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Interference Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Epithalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
The Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Structure and Function of the
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Basal Ganglia Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
The Brain Ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Disorders of the Ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter 8 The Cerebrum: Cerebral
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
The Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Frontal Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Parietal Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Occipital Lobe: The Visual Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Temporal Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Cingulate Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
Chapter 7 The Cerebrum: A Survey . . . . . . . . 151
Insular Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
The Protection and Nourishment Summary of Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
of the Cerebrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Protection: The Meninges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Draw It to Know It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Protection: The Blood–Brain Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Questions for Deeper Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Nourishment: The Cerebral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Waste Removal: The Venous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Suggested Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
The Cerebrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Important Cerebral Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Layers of the Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
The Lobes of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Hemispheric Specialization and Connections . . . . 161 PART III Neuroanatomy Applied
Hemispheric Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 to Communication and
Inter- and Intrahemispheric Connections . . . . . . . . . .162
Communication Disorders 201
Cerebral Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Cerebral Vascular Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Chapter 9 Consciousness and Disorders
Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Stuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Brain Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
What Is Consciousness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Use It or Lose It and Use It and Improve It . . . . . . . . .169
Specificity Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 The Neurology of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Repetition and Intensity Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Neural Mechanisms of Wakefulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Time Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Neural Mechanisms of Core Consciousness
Salience Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 and Extended Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205