Neural and metabolic control of macronutrient intake

492 Pages·2000·8.6 MB·English

by  Hans-Rudolf Berthoud

NEURAL
and
METABOLIC
CONTROL
of
MACRONUTRIENT
INTAKE
Edited by
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud, Ph.D.
Randy J. Seeley, Ph.D.
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
2752_ fm_frame Page 2 Friday, September 3, 1999 4:18 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neural and metabolic control of macronutrient intake / edited by Hans
-Rudolf Berthoud, Randy J. Seeley.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-2752-0 (alk. paper)
1. Appetite. 2. Food preferences. 3. Nutrition--Psychological
aspects. 4. Neuropsychology. I. Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf.
II. Seeley, Randy J.
[DNLM: 1. Nutrition. 2. Dietary Carbohydrates--metabolism.
3. Dietary Fats--metabolism. 4. Dietary Proteins--metabolism.
5. Food Preferences--physiology. 6. Food Preferences--psychology.
QU 145 N494 1999]
QP136.N47 1999
612.3′9--dc21
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 99-29233
CIP
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Preface
Several years ago the idea for this book grew out of a conversation at the European Winter
Conference on Brain Research. Over a beer, the two editors of this book were discussing the topic
of macronutrient selection and the potential involvement of the brain in its control. Macronutrient
selection refers to the process by which general omnivores choose to consume differing amounts
of protein, carbohydrate, or fats in their diets. Considerable controversy still surrounds to what
degree macronutrient content of particular foods guides ingestive behavior. While neither of us had
done a tremendous amount of research on macronutrient selection, over the course of several beers
we began a spirited “discussion” of this topic. Quickly, however, we realized how difficult a topic
it was to discuss because there was no resource that brought together the large and diverse literature
related to macronutrient selection. That is to say, our arguments rapidly devolved because we lacked
a way to resolve disputes over the current state of knowledge about issues related to macronutrient
selection. Neither of us possessed the breadth of knowledge (from biochemistry to human and
animal behavior) that a real consideration of these issues would require. Before we left that meeting,
we decided that very few individuals likely had the necessary breadth of knowledge and therefore
a book that could tie together the pieces of this intricate puzzle would be a valuable resource for
individuals from a broad array of backgrounds with general interests in dietary selection.
What you will find in this volume is our attempt to bring together chapters from the people
who have most influenced current thinking on this topic. These individuals represent the truly
interdisciplinary nature of this topic. They range from biochemists, nutritionists, psychologists,
physiologists, neuroscientists, and molecular biologists. In addition to diverse backgrounds, the
authors of these chapters are individuals who differ considerably on their opinions about the nature
of macronutrient selection. We have gone to great lengths to put into this single volume chapters
from people who clearly advocate the existence of separate control systems for the individual
macronutrients and those who do not. In this way, we believe readers can evaluate these arguments
for themselves. The book is arranged to provide three types of information. First, the basic
background of the biochemical and physiological systems as they relate to macronutrient selection.
Second, opinions and data concerning to what degree animals and humans show evidence of
macronutrient selection. Third, evidence about how the central nervous system might be involved
in the choices animals make among macronutrients.
Few basic research problems with this level of controversy have such important practical
implications. Increased consumption of dietary fat in developed countries is closely tied to increases
in heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. If separate control systems exist, it leaves open the possibility
that strategies could be devised to intervene in these control systems and alter the proportion of
fat in the diet. If such separate control systems do not exist, such interventions will eventually fail.
Consequently, the stakes of this particular debate both for basic understanding of how the brain
controls ingestive behavior and for our ability to decrease the incidence of these dangerous condi-
tions are extremely high.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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The Editors
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud was born near Zürich, Switzerland, and obtained his Diploma in Biology
(1969) and Ph.D. in Neurobehavioral Biology and Physiology (1973) from the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich. During his postdoctoral training, Dr. Berthoud continued
to study the role of the hypothalamus in ingestive behavior with Gordon J. Mogenson at the
University of Western Ontario in Canada, and then collaborated with Bernard Jeanrenaud and Albert
Renold as “Chef de Traveaux” at the University of Geneva Medical School on projects focusing
on the neural control of pancreatic secretion. In 1982 he emigrated to the U.S., where he began a
long collaboration with Terry Powley at Purdue University investigating anatomy and physiology
of the vagus nerve. In 1992 Dr. Berthoud was appointed Associate Professor at the Pennington
Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, and Louisiana State University Medical Center in
New Orleans, LA, where he continued his studies on morphological, physiological, and behavioral
aspects of vagal and central nervous mechanisms that control ingestive behavior and energy
metabolism.
Dr. Berthoud has published over 80 papers in leading journals, including several reviews and
book chapters. He is a member of the Society for Neuroscience (SN), the American Physiological
Society (APS), the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior (SSIB), the North American
Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO), and the International Society for Autonomic
Nervous System Physiology (ISAN). Dr. Berthoud is on the Editorial Board for the American
Journal of Physiology, Comparative and Regulatory Physiology, and Obesity Research.
Randy J. Seeley received his undergraduate degree with honors from Grinnell College in 1989.
He received his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Psychology working
with Dr. Harvey Grill. He then was a Post-Doctoral Fellow for 2 years working with Drs. Steve
Woods and Dan Porte, Jr. at the University of Washington. He was also on the faculty of the
Department of Psychology at the University of Washington for 2 years before moving to the
University of Cincinnati in the fall of 1997. He was appointed as an Associate Professor in the
Department of Psychiatry in the College of Medicine at the University of Cincinnati and a member
of the Graduate Neuroscience Program, an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of
Psychology, and Associate Director of the Obesity Research Center. Since 1993 he has coauthored
over 60 papers and chapters concerning his work on the neural and metabolic control of food intake
and body weight in rodent models including reviews in the New England Journal of Medicine and
Science. He is on the editorial board for the American Journal of Physiology and a member of the
Society for Neuroscience, Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, North American Association
for the Study of Obesity, American Psychological Association, and American Psychological Society.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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Contributors
Karen Ackroff T. W. Castonguay
Department of Psychology Department of Nutrition and Food Science
Brooklyn College of CUNY University of Maryland
Brooklyn, NY 11210 Marie Mount Hall
College Park, MD 20742
Bernard Beck
Mark Chavez
INSERM U. 308
The Monell Chemical Senses Institute
Mécanismes de Régulation du Comportement
3500 Market St.
Alimentaire
Philadelphia, PA 19104
38 rue Lionnois
54000 Nancy, France
Jian Chen
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Stephen C. Benoit
Louisiana State University
Department of Psychiatry
6400 Perkins Rd.
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
P.O. Box 670559
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559 Mihai Covasa
Department of V.C.A.P.P. and Program in
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud Neuroscience
Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine
Pennington Biomedical Research Center Washington State University
Louisiana State University Pullman, WA 99164
6400 Perkins Rd.
T. L. Davidson
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Department of Psychological Sciences
Charles J. Billington 1364 Psychological Sciences Bldg.
Department of Psychiatry Purdue University
Veterans Administration Medical Center West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364
Minneapolis, MN 55417
John M. de Castro
Department of Psychology
John E. Blundell
Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience
Biopsychology Group
Program
School of Psychology
Georgia State University
University of Leeds
University Plaza
Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
Atlanta, GA 30303
David A. Booth
Ambrose A. Dunn-Meynell
Nutritional Psychology Research Group
Department of Neurosciences
University of Birmingham
Neurology Service, VA Medical Center
Birmingham B15 2TT, England
East Orange, NJ 07018
Lynda M. Brown J. P. Flatt
Department of Nutrition and Food Science Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
University of Maryland Biology
Rm. 3304, Marie Mount Hall University of Massachusetts Medical Center
College Park, MD 20742 Worcester, MA 01655
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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Louis A. Foster Leigh Anne Howell
Department of Anatomy and Physiology Pennington Biomedical Research Center
College of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University
Kansas State University 6400 Perkins Rd.
Manhattan, KS 66506 Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Frank H. Koegler
Mark I. Friedman
Oregon Regional Primate Research Center
The Monell Chemical Senses Institute
Oregon Health Sciences University
3500 Market St.
505 N.W. 185th Ave.
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Beaverton, OR 97006
K. Fukagawa
Wolfgang Langhans
Department of Internal Medicine
Institute of Animal Sciences
Oita University
Group of Physiology and Animal Husbandry
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
Bennett G. Galef, Jr. Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
Department of Psychology
McMaster University Sarah F. Leibowitz
Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada The Rockefeller University
1230 York Ave.
Kyriaki Gerozissis New York, NY 10021
Physiopathologie de la Nutrition
Barry E. Levin
CNRS ESA 7059
Department of Neurosciences
Universite Paris 7, 2 Place Jussieu
Neurology Service, 127C VA Medical Center
75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
East Orange, NJ 07009
Dorothy W. Gietzen Allen S. Levine
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Department of Medicine
Biology Veterans Affairs Medical Center
School of Veterinary Medicine One Veterans Dr.
University of California, Davis Research Service (151)
Davis, CA 95616 Minneapolis, MN 55417
Michael J. Glass Ling Lin
Minnesota Obesity Center Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Department of Psychology Louisiana State University
Veterans Affairs Medical Center 6400 Perkins Rd.
Minneapolis, MN 55417 Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Tiffany D. Mitchell
Jason C. G. Halford
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
University of Liverpool
Louisiana State University
Department of Psychology
6400 Perkins Rd.
Eleanor Rathbone Building
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Liverpool, L6972A, U.K.
Timothy H. Moran
Ruth B. S. Harris Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Pennington Biomedical Research Center Sciences
Louisiana State University Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
6400 Perkins Rd. 720 Rutland Ave., Ross Bldg., Rm. 618
Baton Rouge, LA 70808 Baltimore, MD 21205
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Javier R. Morell Edmund T. Rolls
Department of Psychological Sciences University of Oxford
1364 Psychological Sciences Bldg. Department of Experimental Psychology
Purdue University South Parks Rd.
West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364 Oxford OX1 3UD
England
Stylianos Nicolaïdis
Vanessa H. Routh
Institut Europeen des Sciences du Gout et des
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology
Comportements Alimentaires
New Jersey Medical School
Universite de Bourgogne
Newark, NJ 07103
21000 Dijon, France
Donna H. Ryan
Leona M. O’Reilly Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Rowett Research Institute
Louisiana State University
Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9SB
6400 Perkins Rd.
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Martine Orosco
Physiopathologie de la Nutrition Anthony Sclafani
CNRS ESA 7059 Department of Psychology
Universite Paris 7, 2 place Jussieu case 7126 Brooklyn College and the Graduate School
75251 Paris Cedex 05, France 75251 City University of New York
2900 Bedford Ave.
David Raubenheimer Brooklyn, NY 11210
Department of Zoology and University Museum
Randy J. Seeley
of Natural History
Department of Psychiatry
University of Oxford
University of Cincinnati
South Parks Rd.
P.O. Box 670559
Oxford, Ox1 3PS, U.K.
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559
Christine A. Riedy Stephen J. Simpson
Department of Dental Public Health Department of Zoology and University Museum
University of Washington of Natural History
Seattle, WA University of Oxford
South Parks Rd.
Robert C. Ritter Oxford, Ox1 3PS, U.K.
Department of V.C.A.P.P. and Program in
Brenda K. Smith
Neuroscience
College of Veterinary Medicine Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Washington State University Louisiana State University
Pullman, WA 99164 6400 Perkins Rd.
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
W. Sue Ritter
Edward M. Stricker
Department of Veterinary and Comparative
Department of Neuroscience
Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology
479 Crawford Hall
Washington State University
University of Pittsburgh
Pullman, WA 99164-6520
Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Barbara J. Rolls R. James Stubbs
Nutrition Department Human Nutrient Unit
Pennsylvania State University Rowett Research Institute
226 Henderson Bldg. Greenburn Rd.
University Park, PA 16802 Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9SB U.K.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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Patrick Tso Michael Wiater
Department of Pathology Department of Veterinary and Comparative
University of Cincinnati Medical Center Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology
231 Bethesda Avenue (ML 0529) Washington State University
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529 P.O. Box 646520
Pullman, WA 99164-6520
Louise Thibault
Stephen C. Woods
School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition
Department of Psychiatry
Macdonald Campus of McGill University
University of Cincinnati Medical Center
21.111 Lakeshore Rd.
P.O. Box 670559
Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559
Gertjan van Dijk
David A. York
Department of Animal Physiology
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
University of Groningen
Louisiana State University
Kerklaan 30
6400 Perkins Rd.
Haren 9750AA The Netherlands
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Malcolm Watford Bradley D. Youngblood
Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Cook College Louisiana State University
Rutgers University 6400 Perkins Rd.
New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Baton Rouge, LA 70808
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Stephen C. Woods for his input and guidance on the ideas and
organization of this book. We would also like to thank Patricia James for administrative help. In
particular the authors would also like to thank Becky Topmiller for her tireless efforts to keep us
organized and fighting through the huge task of pulling all of these chapters together. We might
have been able to do this book without her, but we know it would not have been any fun.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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Contents
Section I Evidence for macronutrient selection: basic
mechanisms and strategies to achieve regulation
Chapter 1
Specific Appetites and Homeostatic Systems
Edward M. Stricker
Chapter 2
Too Many Choices? A Critical Essay on Macronutrient Selection
Mark I. Friedman
Chapter 3
Is There a Specific Appetite for Protein?
Bennett G. Galef, Jr.
Chapter 4
Geometric Models of Macronutrient Selection
Stephen J. Simpson and David Raubenheimer
Chapter 5
Macronutrient Selection in Free-Feeding Humans: Evidence for Long-Term Regulation
John M. de Castro
Chapter 6
Macronutrient-Specific Hungers and Satieties and Their Neural Bases, Learnt from
Pre- and Postingestional Effects of Eating Particular Foodstuffs
David A. Booth and Louise Thibault
Chapter 7
Macronutrient-Conditioned Flavor Preferences
Anthony Sclafani
Chapter 8
Evidence for Caloric, but Not Macronutrient, Compensation to Preloads Varying in Fat
and Carbohydrate Content in Human Subjects
Barbara J. Rolls and Timothy H. Moran
Chapter 9
The Effects of Nutrient Preloads on Subsequent Macronutrient Selection in Animal
Models
L. A. Foster
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC