Networks in Society: Links and Language

218 Pages·2013·18.088 MB·

by  Robert Stocker (Editor), Terry Bossomaier (Editor)

NETWORKS
IN SOCIETY
LINKS AND LANGUAGE

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
NETWORKS
IN SOCIETY
LINKS AND LANGUAGE
editors edited by
Preben Maegaard Robert Stocker
Anna Krenz
Terry Bossomaier
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
CRC Press
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20140107
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4364-82-9 (eBook - PDF)
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December16,2013 22:5 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Stocker-prelims
VALEJOHNCARROLL
Itiswithdeepregretthatweacknowledgethepassingofour
friendandcolleagueProfessorJohnCarrollinOctober2011,
andinrecognitionofhisvaluablecontributiontothe
researchcommunity,wededicatethispublication
tohismemory.
December16,2013 22:5 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Stocker-prelims
December16,2013 22:5 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Stocker-prelims
Contents
Preface xiii
1 SocialNetworks:TowardsGeneralModels 1
RobertStocker
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 SocialNetworks 2
1.3 SocialNetworksResearch 5
1.3.1 HowDoWeKnowWhatWeKnow:TheSystem
ofKnowledge? 5
1.3.2 HowDoWeApplyWhatWeKnow:The
ProcessesandProceduresforApplyingThat
Knowledge? 5
1.3.3 HowDoWeInterpretWhatWeKnow:The
ToolsandTechnologiesThatInformOur
ApplicationoftheKnowledge? 6
1.3.4 Modelling 7
1.4 SensoryExperience 8
1.5 TowardsaModel 9
1.6 CognitiveStructure 10
1.7 CognitiveProcessingandLogicalLevels 11
1.8 Language 16
1.9 Conclusion 20
2 OnGraphs,NetworksandSocialGroups 25
DavidG.GreenandTerryBossomaier
2.1 GraphsandNetworks 25
2.1.1 BasicTermsandConcepts 26
2.2 RepresentingNetworks 28
2.2.1 CommonNetworkTopologies 29
December16,2013 22:5 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Stocker-prelims
viii Contents
2.2.1.1 Modularity 30
2.2.1.2 Motifs 31
2.2.1.3 Mixing 32
2.2.2 MeasuresofNetworkProperties 34
2.2.3 MarkovRandomGraphs 37
2.2.4 TheConnectivityAvalanche 39
2.3 NetworksandComplexity 40
2.3.1 TheNetworkBasis 40
2.3.2 NetworkProcesses 41
2.4 SimulatingSocialNetworks 42
3 LanguageNetworks 49
TerryBossomaier
3.1 IntroductionandOverview 49
3.2 ANetworkPerspectiveonLanguage 51
3.2.1 LanguageFamilies 52
3.2.2 TheLanguageGlass 54
3.2.3 PerceptionofColour 55
3.2.4 NumbersandWords 56
3.3 Large-ScaleSemanticNetworks 56
3.3.1 SemanticRelatedness 57
3.3.2 LatentSemanticIndexing 58
3.3.3 ThesauriandWordnet 58
3.3.3.1 Wordnetanalysis 59
3.3.4 Polysemy 61
3.3.5 SemanticNetworks 61
3.3.5.1 Syntacticscaling 62
3.3.6 PhonologicalScaling 63
3.4 OntologiesandConceptMapping 64
3.4.1 Ontologies 64
3.4.2 LanguageTools 65
3.5 LanguageEvolution 65
3.5.1 LanguageCompetition 68
3.5.2 CorticalScalingAcrossSpecies 69
3.5.3 TheSocialBrain 70
3.5.4 CategoriesintheBrain 71
3.5.5 CharacteristicsofBrainNetworks 73
3.6 ENVOI 74
December16,2013 22:5 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Stocker-prelims
Contents ix
4 ComplexityandHumanSociety 81
DavidG.GreenandSuzanneSadedin
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 EmergentSocialStructureandBehaviour 82
4.2.1 CollectiveBehaviour 83
4.2.2 SocialNetworks 85
4.2.3 NetworkEvolution 86
4.2.4 ConsensusandCooperationinSocialNetworks 90
4.3 MechanismsforManagingSocialComplexity 91
4.3.1 DivideandRule 92
4.3.2 ContainingExtremes 93
4.4 MechanismsofUnplannedSocialChange 94
4.4.1 FailureofModels 95
4.4.2 CascadingContexts 95
4.4.3 PositiveFeedback 96
4.4.4 ChangesinNetworkConnectivity 96
4.4.5 TheBrittlenessof“DivideandRule”Strategies 97
4.5 SideEffectsofNewTechnology 98
4.5.1 Labour-SavingDevices 99
4.5.2 TechnologyandSocialIsolation 100
4.5.3 InformationandCommunications 101
4.6 Conclusion 105
5 DevelopingAgent-BasedModelsofBusinessRelations
andNetworks 113
IanWilkinson,FabianHeld,RobertMarks,
andLouiseYoung
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 TheRoleofSimulationandAgent-BasedModels 117
5.3 Agent-BasedModels 118
5.4 ExplainingDynamics:IdentifyingandModelling
CausalMechanisms 120
5.5 MechanismsDrivingBusinessRelationsand
Networks 122
5.5.1 ActingandSpecializing 124
5.5.2 Mating 125
5.5.3 Dancing 125
5.5.4 InterconnectingRelations 126