Networked filtering and fusion in wireless sensor networks

576 Pages·2014·6.93 MB·English

by  Magdi S Mahmoud

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Networking Communications
Networked Filtering and Fusion
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Wireless Sensor Networks introduces the subject of multi-sensor fusion as

the method of choice for implementing distributed systems.
The book examines the state of the art in information fusion. It presents the
known methods, algorithms, architectures, and models of information fusion
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and discusses their applicability in the context of wireless sensor networks
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open up discussion and provide researchers with an ideal starting point for

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applications of information fusion–related problems in networked systems s i
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fundamental problems with information fusion, it will help you broaden your

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K23797
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-4822-5096-1
711 Third Avenue 90000
New York, NY 10017
an informa business Magdi S. Mahmoud
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
9 781482 250961
Yuanqing Xia
w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m
K23797 cvr mech.indd 1 9/11/14 9:27 AM
Networked Filtering and Fusion
in Wireless Sensor Networks

Networked Filtering and Fusion
in Wireless Sensor Networks
Magdi S. Mahmoud
Yuanqing Xia
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20140728
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To My Loving Wife Salwa,
To the “M” Family: Medhat, Monda, Mohamed, Menna and
Malak, Mostafa, Mohamed
and Ahmed Gouda
MsM
To My Honest and Diligent Wife Wang Fangyu,
To My lovely Daughter Xia Jingshu
YX

Contents
NotationsandSymbols xvii
ListofAcronyms xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Authors xxiii
Preface xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Fundamental Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 SomeLimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Information FusioninWirelessSensorNetwork . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Classifying Information Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.1 Classificationbasedonrelationship amongthesources . 8
1.5.2 Classificationbasedonlevelsofabstraction . . . . . . . 9
1.5.3 Classificationbasedoninputandoutput . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 OutlineoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.2 Chapterorganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Proposed Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Wireless SensorNetworks 17
2.1 SomeDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 CommonCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 RequiredMechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 RelatedIngredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.4.1 Keyissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 Typesofsensornetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.3 Mainadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 SensorNetworksApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.1 Militaryapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.2 Environmental applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.3 Healthapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.4 Application trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5.5 Hardwareconstraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6 RoutingProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.1 Systemarchitecture anddesign issues . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6.2 Floodingandgossiping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.6.3 Sensorprotocols forinformation vianegotiation . . . . . 41
2.6.4 Directeddiffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6.5 Geographic andenergy-aware routing . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6.6 Gradient-based routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6.7 Constrained anisotropic diffusion routing . . . . . . . . 43
2.6.8 Activequeryforwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.6.9 Low-energyadaptiveclustering hierarchy . . . . . . . . 43
2.6.10 Power-efficientgathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6.11 Adaptivethreshold sensitiveenergyefficientnetwork . . 44
2.6.12 Minimumenergycommunication network . . . . . . . . 44
2.6.13 Geographic adaptivefidelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.7 SensorSelectionSchemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7.1 Sensorselection problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7.2 Coverageschemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7.3 Targettracking andlocalization schemes . . . . . . . . . 47
2.7.4 Singlemissionassignment schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.7.5 Multiplemissionassignment schemes . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 QualityofServiceManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.8.1 QoSrequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.8.2 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.9 WirelessSensorNetworkSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.9.1 Obstaclesofsensorsecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.9.2 Securityrequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.11 ProposedTopics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
CONTENTS ix
3 DistributedSensorFusion 57
3.1 AssessmentofDistributed StateEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1.2 Consensus-based distributed Kalmanfilter . . . . . . . . 61
3.1.3 Simulationexample1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Distributed SensorFusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.2 Consensusproblemsinnetworked systems . . . . . . . 72
3.2.3 Consensusfilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.4 Simulationexample2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.5 Simulationexample3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2.6 Someobservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3 EstimationforAdaptiveSensorSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3.2 Distributed estimationindynamicsystems. . . . . . . . 86
3.3.3 Convergence properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3.4 Sensorselection fortargettracking . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.5 Selectionofbestactiveset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.6 Globalnodeselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.7 Spatialsplit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.8 Computational complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.9 Numberofactivesensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.10 Simulationresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4 Multi-Sensor Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.4.1 Primarypurpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4.2 Roleininformation fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4.3 Architecture classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.4.4 Hybridandhierarchical architectures . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.4.5 Classificationofrelatedproblems . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.6 Proposed Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4 DistributedKalmanFiltering 111
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2 Distributed KalmanFilteringMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.1 Differentmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.2 Patternofapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.2.3 Diffusion-based filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.4 Multi-sensor datafusionsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2.5 Distributed particlefiltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122