Network Tutorial: A Complete Introduction to Networks Includes Glossary of Networking Terms

671 Pages·2003·99.862 MB·\671

by  Steve Steinke (Author)

NETWORK
TUTORIAL
A Complete Introduction
to Networks
BY STEVE STEINKE
AND THE EDITORS OF NETWORK MAGAZINE
0
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
First issued in hardback 2017
© 2003, Taylor & Francis
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN 13: 978-1-138-41221-7 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-57820-302-4 (pbk)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason-
able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The
authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so
we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.
copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza-
tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................................................. ix
SECTION I: Understanding Networks-Layers and Protocols ................................ 1
Network Protocols, Part One ....................................................................... 3
Network Protocols, Part Two ..................................................................... 11
The Networking Reference Library ........................................................... 14
SECTION II: Physical Layer Protocols ........................................................................ 21
Encoding, Modulation, and the Physical Layer ......................................... 23
Network Delay and Signal Propagation .................................................... 28
Basic Phone Services and Circuits ............................................................ 32
Getting Data over the Telephone Line: CSUs and DSUs ............................ 37
The ISDN Connection ............................................................................... 42
Inverse Multiplexing ................................................................................. 46
Always On/Dynamic ISDN (AO/DI) .......................................................... 49
ADSL & SDSL ............................................................................................ 54
Fundamentals of Optical Networking ....................................................... 61
Fiber and Optical Networking ................................................................... 65
Passive Optical Networks .......................................................................... 69
Synchronous Optical Network .................................................................. 74
Wave Division Multiplexing .......................... ~··········································· 79
GSM and TDMA Cellular Networks .......................................................... 83
CDMA and 3G Cellular Networks ............................................................. 87
Ultra Wideband Wireless Networks .......................................................... 91
SECTION Ill: Data-link Protocols ................................................................................. 97
Topologies ................................................................................................. 99
Access Methods ....................................................................................... 103
Ethernet Frame Types ............................................................................. 106
Fast Ethernet: lOOBaseT ......................................................................... 111
Ethernet In The Local Loop .................................................................... 115
Frame Relay ............................................................................................ 120
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ..................................................... 124
ATM Basics ............................................................................................. 127
MPLS in Brief .......................................................................................... 131
PPP and PPP over Ethernet.. ................................................................... 135
Cable Modem Systems ............................................................................ 140
Signaling System 7 .................................................................................. 144
Remote Access ......................................................................................... 148
SECTION IV: Network and Transport Layer Protocols ............................................ 153
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite ...................................................................... 155
IP Addresses and Subnet Masks ............................................................. 159
TCP And UDP ......................................................................................... 163
IP Quality of Service ............................................................................... 167
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ................................................... 172
Multicasting ............................................................................................ 176
Internet Protocol Version 6 ..................................................................... 181
Mobile IP ................................................................................................. 185
H.323 ....................................................................................................... 189
Inside the Session Initiation Protocol ..................................................... 193
The AppleTalk Protocols ......................................................................... 198
The Resource Reservation Protocol ........................................................ 202
Differentiated Services ............................................................................ 206
SECTION V: Application Layer Protocols ................................................................ 213
Providing Internet and World Wide Web Services .................................. 215
Internet Services ..................................................................................... 218
Hypertext Markup Language .................................................................. 219
HTML and CGI, Part One ........................................................................ 223
HTML and CGI, Part Two ........................................................................ 228
CGI and Web Servers ............................................................................... 233
Creating 'Virtual Documents' with CGI.. ................................................. 238
Web Server Image Maps ......................................................................... 242
Web Tools ................................................................................................ 246
SSL and S-HTTP ..................................................................................... 251
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ................................................... 255
X.400 Messaging ..................................................................................... 260
XML and XSL .......................................................................................... 263
Megaco and MGCP .................................................................................. 268
SECTION VI: Network Hardware ................................................................................ 273
Cabling .................................................................................................... 275
Lay of the LAN-Cabling Basics ............................................................ 279
Cable Testing ........................................................................................... 282
Basic Electricity Boot Camp ................................................................... 287
Electrostatic Discharge ........................................................................... 290
Fiber Optics for Networks ....................................................................... 296
Wireless Networking ............................................................................... 299
802.11 and Spread Spectrum .................................................................. 303
Wireless LAN s (8 02.11 b) ........................................................................ 307
Interface Cards ........................................................................................ 312
File Servers .............................................................................................. 315
PCI: New Bus on the Block ...................................................................... 318
PCI and Future Bus Architectures ........................................................... 322
RAID ....................................................................................................... 327
Storage Area Networks ............................................................................ 331
Network Wiring Hubs ............................................................................. 336
Broadband Cable-based LANs ................................................................ 339
SECTION VII: Network Software ................................................................................. 343
Network Applications .............................................................................. 345
Client -Server Computing ........................................................................ 348
Network Operating Systems .................................................................... 351
Directories ............................................................................................... 354
Net Ware Directory Services, Part One .................................................... 359
Net Ware Directory Services, Part Two .................................................... 362
Printing ................................................................................................... 366
OS/2 LANs, Part One ............................................................................... 370
OS/2 LAN s, Part Two ............................................................................... 37 4
Application Servers ................................................................................. 376
Database Servers ..................................................................................... 380
E-Mail and SMTP .................................................................................... 382
The Basics of E-Mail Access .................................................................... 386
E-Mail and MIME ................................................................................... 391
Mail-Enabled Applications ..................................................................... 397
Workflow Applications ............................................................................ 401
Messaging-Enabled Applications ............................................................ 405
Threaded Conversation Databases .......................................................... 408
Content Distribution and Internetwork Caching .................................... 412
Edge Side Includes .................................................................................. 417
SECTION VIII: Internetworking .................................................................................... 423
Internetworking ...................................................................................... 425
Bridges .................................................................................................... 429
Ethernet Switching .................................................................................. 434
Switching vs. Routing .............................................................................. 437
VLANs and Broadcast Domains ............................................................. 442
Routing Protocols .................................................................................... 446
Configuring a Router .............................................................................. 451
Token Ring lnternetworking ................................................................... 455
Mainframe Gateways .............................................................................. 459
SNA and LU6.2 Connectivity .................................................................. 464
Wireless WAN s ........................................................................................ 467
Dial-Up Internetworking ........................................................................ 471
SECTION IX : Network and Systems Management.. .................................................. 477
Network Management. ............................................................................ 479
Simple Network Management Protocol-SNMP ................................... 483
Policy-Based Networking ........................................................................ 487
Service Level Agreements ....................................................................... 491
Protocol Analyzers .................................................................................. 496
Troubleshooting Ethernet Problems ....................................................... 500
Managing the Desktop ............................................................................ 504
Asset Management, Part One .................................................................. 508
Asset Management, Part Two .................................................................. 513
Server Performance Benchmarks ........................................................... 517
SECTION X: Network Security and Backup Systems .............................................. 523
Security ................................................................................................... 525
IP Security .............................................................................................. 532
Biometrics ............................................................................................... 537
Firewalls .................................................................................................. 541
Intrusion Detection ................................................................................. 546
Vulnerability Assessment Tools .............................................................. 550
E-Mail Security ....................................................................................... 555
Public Key Cryptography ........................................................................ 560
Proxy Servers and Caching ..................................................................... 564
The Virus Threat ..................................................................................... 569
Trojan Horses .......................................................................................... 574
Security and 802.11 Wireless Networks .................................................. 578
Coping with Home Network Security Threats ........................................ 583
Tools for Securing Home Networks ........................................................ 587
Virtual Private Networks ......................................................................... 592
IP VPN Services ...................................................................................... 596
Layer-2 VPNs .......................................................................................... 600
Fibre Channel SAN Security ................................................................... 605
Tape Backup ............................................................................................ 609
Fault-Tolerant Systems ............................................................................ 614
Glossary .................................................................................................. 617
Index ....................................................................................................... 647
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
INTRODUCTION TO THE 5TH EDITION
The latest -written tutorial in the 4th Edition of the Network Tutorial ran in March 2000.
Since that date we have published several tutorials on optical networking, voice-over-IP proto
cols, and local loop technologies-technologies that have been closely associated with carriers
and telecom service providers, who in turn were betting on rapidly growing demand generated
by the Internet and so-called e-commerce. These pieces have become perhaps less immediately
crucial to our readers as the telecom bubble bursting followed the dot -com bubble bursting and
the market for these technologies shriveled.
On the other hand, many of the tutorials (along with Network Magazine as a whole) over the
last three years have focused on network security, a trend that began well before the attacks of
September 11th, 2001, got everyone thinking about security. Which is not to say that there are
technology solutions to the threat posed by terrorists like Al Qaida, or that national security has
anything but a tangential relation to network security despite all the dubious stories about ter
rorist hackers from China, Iraq, or evildoer nations elsewhere. Major security threats to the net
works of 2003 still seem to arise primarily from disgruntled employees, thrill seeking vandals
with time on their hands, and criminals who want to take economic advantage of the anonymity
and remote-control characteristics of The New Public Network.
The other area of growth over the past three years has been wireless networking. Wireless
LANs in particular have continued to spread rapidly in recent years when most other network
ing markets have stagnated or declined. This edition of the Network Tutorial can now claim to
provide a reasonable foundation for readers who need to explore network security and wireless
networks.
The authors of tutorials between April2000 and October 2002 include: Doug Allen, Jonathan
Angel, Jim Carr, Elizabeth Clark, Andrew Conry-Murray, Andy Dornan, David Greenfield, Rob
Kirby, and Steve Steinke.
I have eliminated a handful of elderly tutorials, most of which I almost removed from the 4th
edition. Anyone who wants to pursue these relics can find them on the Network Magazine web
IX