Table Of ContentVasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page i
Network Recovery
Protection and Restoration of Optical,
SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS
Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page ii
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking
Series Editor, David Clark, M.I.T.
Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration Internet QoS: Architectures and Mechanisms
of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS Zheng Wang
Jean-Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and
TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for
Piet Demeester
Programmers
Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Michael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. Calvert
Communication and Computer Networks
TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for
Michał Pio´ro and Deepankar Medhi
Programmers
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Kenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. Donahoo
Processing Approach
Multicast Communication: Protocols,
Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas
Programming, and Applications
Communication Networking: An Analytical Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart
Approach
MPLS: Technology and Applications
Anurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy Kuri
Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter
The Internet and Its Protocols: A Comparative
High-Performance Communication Networks,
Approach
2e
Adrian Farrel
Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya
Modern Cable Television Technology: Video,
Internetworking Multimedia
Voice, and Data Communications, 2e
Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian
Walter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large,
Wakeman
and Michael Adams
Understanding Networked Applications: A First
Bluetooth Application Programming with the
Course
Java APIs
David G. Messerschmitt
C Bala Kumar, Paul J. Kline, and Timothy J.
Integrated Management of Networked Systems:
Thompson
Concepts, Architectures, and their Operational
Policy-Based Network Management: Solutions
Application
for the Next Generation
Heinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and
John Strassner
Bernhard Neumair
Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 3e
Virtual Private Networks: Making the Right
Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie
Connection
Network Architecture, Analysis, and Design, 2e Dennis Fowler
James D. McCabe
Networked Applications: A Guide to the New
MPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, Computing Infrastructure
and Techniques David G. Messerschmitt
Thomas D. Nadeau
Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools
Developing IP-Based Services: Solutions for for Optimization
Service Providers and Vendors Robert S. Cahn
Monique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda
Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age For further information on these books and for a
Sharon K. Black list of forthcoming titles, please visit our website
at http://www.mkp.com
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e
Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan
Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page iii
Network Recovery
Protection and Restoration of Optical,
SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS
Jean-Philippe Vasseur
Mario Pickavet
Piet Demeester
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
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Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page iv
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Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page v
Dedications
Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page vi
About theAuthors
Jean-Philippe Vasseur
Jean-Philippe Vasseur has a French engineering degree in Network Computing and a Master
of Science degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey. He worked as a
network architect for several large national and international service providers in large multi-
protocol environments (e.g., IP, ATM, X25) prior to joining Cisco Systems. After two years
within the EMEA technical consulting group focusing on IP/MPLS routing, VPN, and traffic
engineering designs for service providers, he joined the CISCO Engineering team as a Tech-
nical Leader with a particular focus on IP, MPLS traffic engineering, and recovery mechan-
isms. He is a regular speaker at various international conferences and is involved in several
research projects in the area of IP and MPLS. In addition, he is an active member of the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and has co-authored several IETF specifications.
Mario Pickavet
Mario Pickavet received a Master of Science degree and a Doctor of Electrical Engineering
degree, specialized in telecommunications, from Ghent University in 1996 and 1999, respect-
ively. Since 2000, he has been a full-time professor at the same university. His research
interests are related to broadband communication networks (i.e., IP, MPLS, WDM, SDH,
ATM) and include resilience mechanisms, design, and long-term planning of core and access
networks. In this context, he was and currently is involved in European IST projects (i.e.,
LION, DAVID, STOLAS, ePhoton/One, LASAGNE) on IP over WDM next generation
networks. He has published a number of international publications on these subjects, both in
leading journals (e.g., IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications and IEEE Commu-
nication Magazine) and proceedings of conferences.
Piet Demeester
Piet Demeester received his doctoral degree from Ghent University at the Department of
Information Technology (INTEC) in 1988. In 1993, he became a professor at Ghent Univer-
sity, where he is responsible for research on communication networks. He was involved in
several European COST, ESPRIT, RACE, ACTS, and IST projects. He is a member of the
editorial board of several international journals and has been a member of several technical
program committees. His current interests are related to broadband communication net-
works (i.e., IP, G-MPLS, optical packet and burst switching, access and residential, active,
mobile, CDN, grid) and include network planning, network and service management, tele-
com software, internetworking, and network protocols for QoS support. He has published
over 250 journal or conference papers in this field. He also has been very active in the field of
resilience in communication networks, both as founder of the DRCN conference and as
editor of special issues on this subject in IEEE Communication Magazine.
Vasseur / Network Recovery Final Proof 9.6.2004 7:32pm page vii
Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 General Introduction 1
1.1 Communications Networks Today 1
1.1.1 Fundamental Networking Concepts 3
1.1.2 Layered Network Representation 5
1.1.3 Network Planes 6
1.2 Network Reliability 8
1.2.1 Definitions 9
1.2.2 Which Failures Can Occur? 12
1.2.3 Reliability Requirements for Various Users and Services 18
1.2.4 Measures to Increase Reliability 20
1.3 Different Phases in a Recovery Process 22
1.3.1 Recovery Cycle 23
1.3.2 Reversion Cycle 24
1.4 Performance of Recovery Mechanisms: Criteria 25
1.4.1 Scope of Failure Coverage 25
1.4.2 Recovery Time 26
1.4.3 Backup Capacity Requirements 26
1.4.4 Guaranteed Bandwidth 27
1.4.5 Reordering and Duplication 27
1.4.6 Additive Latency and Jitter 27
1.4.7 State Overhead 27
1.4.8 Scalability 27
1.4.9 Signaling Requirements 28
1.4.10 Stability 28
1.4.11 Notion of Recovery Class 28
1.5 Characteristics of Single-Layer Recovery Mechanisms 28
1.5.1 Backup Capacity Dedicated versus Shared 29
vii
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viii Contents
1.5.2 Recovery Paths: Preplanned versus Dynamic 30
1.5.3 Protection versus Restoration 31
1.5.4 Global versus Local Recovery 32
1.5.5 Control of Recovery Mechanisms 34
1.5.6 Ring Networks versus Mesh Networks 35
1.5.7 Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless 36
1.5.8 Revertive versus Nonrevertive Mode 36
1.6 Multilayer Recovery 36
1.6.1 Sequential Approach 38
1.6.2 Integrated Approach 38
1.7 Conclusion 38
Chapter 2 SONET/SDH Networks 39
2.1 Introduction 40
2.1.1 Transmission Networks 40
2.1.2 Management of (Transmission) Networks 42
2.1.3 Structuring/Modeling Transmission Networks 43
2.1.4 Summary 45
2.2 SDH and SONET Networks 45
2.2.1 Introduction 45
2.2.2 Structure of SDH Networks 46
2.2.3 SDH Frame Structure: Overhead Bytes Relevant for
Network Recovery 48
2.2.4 SDH Network Elements 52
2.2.5 Summary 55
2.2.6 Differences between SONET and SDH 56
2.3 Operational Aspects 57
2.3.1 Fault Management Processes 58
2.3.2 Fault Detection and Propagation Inside a Network
Element 60
2.3.3 Fault Propagation and Notification on a Network Level 70
2.3.4 Automatic Protection Switching Protocol 74
2.3.5 Summary 80
2.4 Ring Protection 81
2.4.1 Multiplex Section–Shared Protection Ring 83
2.4.2 Multiplex Section–Dedicated Protection Ring 91
2.4.3 Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring 93
2.4.4 Ring Interconnection 93
2.4.5 Summary 105
2.4.6 Differences between SONET and SDH 106
2.5 Linear Protection 107
2.5.1 Multiplex Section Protection 107
2.5.2 Path Protection 108
2.5.3 Summary 113
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Contents ix
2.6 Restoration 113
2.6.1 Protection versus Restoration 113
2.6.2 Summary 115
2.7 Case Study 115
2.8 Conclusion 127
2.9 Recommended Reference Work and Research-Related Topics 129
Chapter 3 Optical Networks 131
3.1 Evolution of the Optical Network Layer 132
3.1.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing in the
Point-to-Point Optical Network Layer 132
3.1.2 An Optical Networking Layer with Optical Nodes 135
3.1.3 An Optical Network Layer Organized in Rings 135
3.1.4 Meshed Optical Networks 137
3.1.5 Adding Flexibility to the Optical Network Layer 139
3.2 The Optical Transport Network 139
3.2.1 Architectural Aspects and Structure of the Optical
Transport Network 139
3.2.2 Structure of the Optical Transport Module 142
3.2.3 Overview of the Standardization Work on the Optical
Transport Network 144
3.3 Fault Detection and Propagation 144
3.3.1 The Optical Network Overhead 145
3.3.2 Defects in the Optical Transport Network 152
3.3.3 OTN Maintenance Signals and Alarm Suppression 154
3.4 Recovery in Optical Networks 157
3.4.1 Recovery at the Optical Layer? 157
3.4.2 Standardization Work on Recovery in the Optical
Transport Network 158
3.4.3 Shared Risk Group 159
3.5 Recovery Mechanisms in Ring-Based Optical Networks 160
3.5.1 Multiplex Section Protection in Ring-Based Optical
Networks 163
3.5.2 Optical Channel Protection in Ring-Based Optical
Networks 166
3.5.3 OMS- versus OCh-Based Approach 170
3.5.4 Shared versus Dedicated Approach 171
3.5.5 Interconnection of Rings 173
3.6 Recovery Mechanisms in Mesh-Based Optical Networks 173
3.6.1 Protection 175
3.6.2 Protection in a WP Network versus Protection in
a VWP Network 176
3.6.3 Restoration 177
3.6.4 Protection versus Restoration 180
