Network-on-Chip Security and Privacy

485 Pages·2021·13.864 MB·English

by  Prabhat Mishra (editor), Subodha Charles (editor)

Prabhat Mishra
Subodha Charles  Editors
Network-on-
Chip Security
and Privacy
Network-on-Chip Security and Privacy
Prabhat Mishra • Subodha Charles
Editors
Network-on-Chip Security
and Privacy
Editors
PrabhatMishra SubodhaCharles
UniversityofFlorida UniversityofMoratuwa
Gainesville,FL,USA Colombo,SriLanka
ISBN978-3-030-69130-1 ISBN978-3-030-69131-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69131-8
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Preface
System-on-Chip (SoC) integrates a wide variety of hardware components into a
single integrated circuit to provide the backbone of modern computing systems
rangingfromcomplexnavigationsystemsinairplanestosimpleInternet-of-Things
(IoT)devicesinsmarthomes.Carsarefullofthem,asareairplanes,satellites,and
advancedmilitaryandmedicaldevices.Asapplicationsgrowincreasinglycomplex,
so do the complexities of the SoCs. For example, a typical automotive SoC may
include 100–200 diverse components (e.g., processor, memory, controllers, and
converters)frommultiplethird-partyvendors.Network-on-Chip(NoC)isawidely
usedsolutionforon-chipcommunicationbetweenvariouscomponentsincomplex
SoCs.
SoCs are designed today using Intellectual Property (IP) components to reduce
cost while meeting aggressive time-to-market constraints. Growing reliance on
these pre-verified components, often gathered from untrusted third-party vendors,
severelyaffectsthesecurityandtrustworthinessofSoCcomputingplatforms.These
third-partycomponentsmaycomewithdeliberatemaliciousimplantstoincorporate
undesired functionality, undocumented test/debug interfaces working as a hidden
backdoor, or other integrity issues. Since NoC facilitates communication between
various components in an SoC, NoC is the ideal place for any malicious implants
(suchashardwareTrojans)tohideandlaunchawidevarietyofsecurityattacks.Due
totheresource-constrainednatureofmanyembeddedandIoTdevices,itmaynotbe
possible to employ traditional security solutions to protect NoC against malicious
attacks.Specifically,thereisaneedforlightweightcountermeasuresthatcansecure
NoC without violating any design constraints such as area, power, energy, and
performance.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of NoC security attacks and
effectivecountermeasuresfordesigningsecureandtrustworthyon-chipcommuni-
cationarchitectures.Thesetechniquesareapplicableacrosson-chipcommunication
technologies (e.g., electrical, optical, and wireless) supporting a wide variety of
on-chip network topologies (e.g., point-to-point, bus, crossbar, ring, and mesh).
Specifically, this book describes state-of-the-art security solutions that satisfy a
wide variety of communication (often conflicting) requirements such as securing
v
vi Preface
packets, ensuring route privacy, meeting energy budget and real-time constraints,
findingtrustedroutesinthepresenceofmaliciouscomponents,andprovidingreal-
timeattackdetectionandmitigationtechniques.Thepresentationoftopicshasbeen
dividedintofivecategorieswitheachcategoryfocusingonaspecificaspectofthe
bigpicture.Abriefoutlineofthebookisprovidedasfollows:
1. IntroductiontoNoCSecurity:Thefirstpartofthebookincludesthreeintroduc-
torychaptersonNoCdesignandsecuritychallenges.
(cid:129) Chapter1providesanoverviewofNoC-basedSoCdesignmethodologywith
anemphasisonNoCarchitecturesandsecurityvulnerabilities.
(cid:129) Chapter 2 describes accurate modeling and design space exploration of on-
chipcommunicationarchitectures.
(cid:129) Chapter 3 presents popular optimization techniques for designing energy-
efficientNoCarchitectures.
2. Design-for-Security Solutions: The second part of the book focuses on design-
timesolutionsforsecuringNoCarchitecturesagainstattacks.
(cid:129) Chapter 4presentsalightweightencryption scheme usingincremental cryp-
tography.
(cid:129) Chapter5describesatrust-awareroutingalgorithmthatcanbypassmalicious
components.
(cid:129) Chapter6outlinesalightweightanonymousroutingtechnique.
(cid:129) Chapter 7 describes how to efficiently integrate secure cryptography to
overcomeNoC-basedattacks.
3. Runtime Security Monitoring: The third part of the book deals with security
solutionsforruntimedetectionandmitigationofvulnerabilities.
(cid:129) Chapter 8 describes a mechanism for real-time detection and localization of
denial-of-serviceattacks.
(cid:129) Chapter 9 utilizes digital watermarking for providing lightweight defense
againsteavesdroppingattacks.
(cid:129) Chapter 10 outlines a machine learning framework for detecting attacks on
NoC-basedSoCs.
(cid:129) Chapter11presentsaroutingtechniquethatcanprovidetrustedcommunica-
tioninthepresenceofhardwareTrojans.
4. NoC Validation and Verification: The fourth part of the book explores methods
forverifyingbothfunctionalcorrectnessandsecurityguarantees.
(cid:129) Chapter12describesNoCsecurityandtrustvalidationtechniques.
(cid:129) Chapter13presentspost-siliconvalidationanddebugofNoCs.
(cid:129) Chapter14describeschallengesindesigningreliableNoCarchitectures.
5. Emerging NoC Technologies: The fifth part of the book surveys security impli-
cationsinemergingNoCtechnologies.
(cid:129) Chapter15describessecuritysolutionsforphotonic(optical)NoCs.
Preface vii
(cid:129) Chapter16presentssecuritysolutionsforon-chipwirelessnetworks.
(cid:129) Chapter17providesanoverviewofsecuring3DNoCsfromhardwareTrojan
attacks.
6. Conclusion and Future Directions: The last chapter concludes the book with a
summaryanddiscussiononfuturedirections.
We hope you enjoy reading this book and find the information on attacks and
countermeasuresusefulindesigningsecureandtrustworthysystems.
Gainesville,FL,USA PrabhatMishra
Colombo,SriLanka SubodhaCharles
January1,2021
Acknowledgments
This book would not be possible without the contributions of many researchers
and experts inthe field of network-on-chip securityand privacy. We would liketo
gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Prof. Tushar Krishna (Georgia Tech),
Dr. Srikant Bharadwaj (AMD), Sumit K. Mandal (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison),
Anish Krishnakumar (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison), Prof. Umit Ogras (Univ. of
Wisconsin-Madison),Dr.JohannaSepulveda(Airbus),ChamikaSudusinghe(Univ.
of Moratuwa), Manju Rajan (IIT Guwahati), Abhijit Das (IIT Guwahati), Prof.
John Jose (IIT Guwahati), Aruna Jayasena (Univ. of Florida), Sidhartha Sankar
Rout (IIIT Delhi), Mitali Sinha (IIIT Delhi), Prof. Sujay Deb (IIIT Delhi), Prof.
Sudeep Pasricha (Colorado State), Ishan Thakkar (Colorado State), Sai Vineel
Reddy Chittamuru (Colorado State), Varun Bhatt (Qualcomm), Sairam Sri Vat-
savai (Colorado State), Yaswanth Raparti (Colorado State), Prof. Amlan Ganguly
(RochesterInstituteofTechnology),Prof.SaiManojPD(GeorgeMason),Abhishek
Vashist (Rochester Institute of Technology), Andrew Keats (Rochester Institute of
Technology), M. Meraj Ahmed (Rochester Institute of Technology), Noel Daniel
Gundi(UtahState),PrabalBasu(UtahState),Prof.SanghamitraRoy(UtahState),
andKoushikChakraborty(UtahState).
This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF)
grants SaTC-1936040 and CCF-1908131. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations presented in this book are those of the authors and do not
necessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNationalScienceFoundation.
ix
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 TrustworthySystem-on-ChipDesignUsingSecureon-Chip
CommunicationArchitectures............................................ 3
PrabhatMishraandSubodhaCharles
2 InterconnectModelingforHomogeneousandHeterogeneous
Multiprocessors............................................................. 31
TusharKrishnaandSrikantBharadwaj
3 Energy-EfficientNetworks-on-ChipArchitectures:Design
andRun-TimeOptimization .............................................. 55
SumitK.Mandal,AnishKrishnakumar,andUmitY.Ogras
PartII Design-for-SecuritySolutions
4 LightweightEncryptionUsingIncrementalCryptography ........... 79
SubodhaCharlesandPrabhatMishra
5 Trust-AwareRoutinginNoC-BasedSoCs............................... 101
SubodhaCharlesandPrabhatMishra
6 LightweightAnonymousRoutingforOn-chipInterconnects ......... 123
SubodhaCharlesandPrabhatMishra
7 Secure Cryptography Integration: NoC-Based
MicroarchitecturalAttacksandCountermeasures..................... 153
JohannaSepúlveda
PartIII RuntimeMonitoringTechniques
8 Real-TimeDetectionandLocalizationofDoSAttacks................. 183
SubodhaCharlesandPrabhatMishra
xi
xii Contents
9 Securingon-ChipCommunicationUsingDigitalWatermarking..... 219
SubodhaCharlesandPrabhatMishra
10 Network-on-ChipAttackDetectionusingMachineLearning......... 253
ChamikaSudusinghe,SubodhaCharles,andPrabhatMishra
11 TrojanAwareNetwork-on-ChipRouting................................ 277
ManjuRajan,AbhijitDas,JohnJose,andPrabhatMishra
PartIV NoCValidationandVerification
12 Network-on-ChipSecurityandTrustVerification...................... 311
ArunaJayasena,SubodhaCharles,andPrabhatMishra
13 NoCPost-SiliconValidationandDebug.................................. 339
SidharthaSankarRout,MitaliSinhaandSujayDeb
14 DesignofReliableNoCArchitectures.................................... 371
Noel Daniel Gundi, Prabal Basu, Sanghamitra Roy,
andKoushikChakraborty
PartV EmergingNoCTechnologies
15 SecuringSiliconPhotonicNoCsAgainstHardwareAttacks .......... 399
IshanG.Thakkar,SaiVineelReddyChittamuru,VarunBhat,
SairamSriVatsavai,andSudeepPasricha
16 SecurityFrameworksforIntraandInter-ChipWireless
InterconnectionNetworks ................................................. 423
M.MerajAhmed,AbhishekVashist,AndrewKeats,AmlanGanguly,
andSaiManojPudukotaiDinakarrao
17 Securing3DNoCsfromHardwareTrojanAttacks..................... 461
VenkataYaswanthRapartiandSudeepPasricha
PartVI ConclusionandFutureDirections
18 TheFutureofSecureandTrustworthyNetwork-on-Chip
Architectures................................................................ 483
PrabhatMishraandSubodhaCharles
Index............................................................................... 491