Network Management Know It All (Morgan Kaufmann Know It All)

401 Pages·2008·4.5 MB·English

by  Adrian Farrel

Network Management
Know It All
Sebastian Abeck Monique Morrow
Igor Bryskin Thomas P. Nadeau
John Evans Bernhard Neumair
Adrian Farrel Rajiv Ramaswami
Clarence Filsfi ls Kumar N. Sivarajan
Heinz-Gerd Hegering John Strassner
James D. McCabe Kateel Vijayananda
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Network management : know it all / Adrian Farrel . . . [et al.].
p. cm. — (Morgan Kaufmann know it all series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-12-374598-9 (alk. paper)
1. Computer networks—Management. I. Farrel, Adrian.
TK5105.5.N4661855 2009
004.6068—dc22 2008039610
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Contents
Preface ........................................................................................... vii
Contributing Authors .................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER 1 R equirements for the Management
of Networked Systems ................................................ 1
1.1 Management Scenarios ..................................................... 1
1.2 Management Functions ..................................................... 13
1.3 Organizational Aspects of Management ........................... 23
1.4 Time Aspects of Management .......................................... 25
CHAPTER 2 IP Network Management ............................................ 29
2.1 Choosing to Manage Your Network ................................ 29
2.2 Choosing a Confi guration Method ................................... 31
2.3 Management Information Base ......................................... 35
2.4 Simple Network Management Protocol ........................... 39
2.5 Extensible Markup Language ............................................ 42
2.6 Common Object Request Broker Architecture ................ 46
2.7 Choosing a Confi guration Protocol .................................. 53
2.8 Choosing to Collect Statistics ........................................... 54
2.9 Policy Control ................................................................... 56
CHAPTER 3 IP-Based Service Implementation
and Network Management ......................................... 61
3.1 Simple Network Management Protocol ........................... 62
3.2 Ip-Based Service Implementation—OSS ........................... 70
3.3 Provisioning Issues ........................................................... 72
3.4 Network Management Issues ........................................... 78
3.5 OSS Architecture .............................................................. 84
3.6 Summary ........................................................................... 88
CHAPTER 4 Network Management Architecture ......................... 91
4.1 Background ....................................................................... 91
4.2 Defi ning Network Management ....................................... 92
iv Contents
4.3 Network Management Mechanisms ................................. 95
4.4 Architectural Considerations ............................................ 101
4.5 Summary ........................................................................... 117
CHAPTER 5 SLA and Network Monitoring .................................... 119
5.1 Passive and Active Network Monitoring .......................... 119
5.2 Passive Network Monitoring ............................................ 120
5.3 Active Network Monitoring .............................................. 128
CHAPTER 6 MPLS Network Management: An
Introduction ................................................................... 147
6.1 A Brief Introduction to MPLS ........................................... 147
6.2 MPLS Applications ............................................................ 154
6.3 Key Aspects of MPLS Network Management ................... 155
6.4 Management Information Base Modules for MPLS .......... 163
6.5 Summary ........................................................................... 166
CHAPTER 7 MPLS Management Interfaces .................................. 167
7.1 The Basics of Management Interfaces .............................. 167
7.2 Command-Line Interface .................................................. 170
7.3 CORBA .............................................................................. 174
7.4 XML ................................................................................... 180
7.5 Bulk File Transfer .............................................................. 184
7.6 Simple Network Management Protocol ........................... 187
7.7 Summary ........................................................................... 207
CHAPTER 8 Optical Networks: Control and
Management .................................................................. 211
8.1 Network Management Functions ..................................... 211
8.2 Optical Layer Services and Interfacing ............................. 217
8.3 Layers within the Optical Layer ....................................... 219
8.4 Multivendor Interoperability ............................................ 220
8.5 Performance and Fault Management ................................ 222
8.6 Confi guration Management .............................................. 233
8.7 Optical Safety .................................................................... 240
8.8 Summary ........................................................................... 243
CHAPTER 9 GMPLS Provisioning and Management .................. 245
9.1 Provisioning and Management Systems ........................... 245
9.2 GMPLS MIB Modules ........................................................ 253
CHAPTER 10 The Foundation of Policy Management .................. 265
10.1 Introduction—A Retrospective ........................................ 265
10.2 Where We Are .................................................................. 271
Contents v
10.3 Defi nition of Policy Management ..................................... 274
10.4 Introduction to and Motivation for
Policy Management ........................................................... 276
10.5 The Need for a New Shared Information Model ............. 289
10.6 The Benefi ts of PBNM ...................................................... 297
10.7 Summary ........................................................................... 302
CHAPTER 11 Policy-Based Network Management
Fundamentals ................................................................ 305
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 305
11.2 The Need for OOA, Design, and Modeling
in PBNM Systems .............................................................. 306
11.3 Conceptual Policy Model .................................................. 321
11.4 Defi nition of a PBM System .............................................. 324
11.5 Policy Terminology—An Approach ................................. 326
11.6 Essential Terminology for PBM Systems .......................... 327
11.7 New Terminology Not Covered in RFC 3198 .................. 347
11.8 Defi nition of Policy-Based Management ........................... 351
11.9 Defi nition of Policy-Based Network Management ........... 351
11.10 High-Level Requirements of a PBNM System ................... 351
11.11 Using Modeling to Solve Information Overload ............... 354
11.12 Policy Used to Express Business Requirements ............... 362
11.13 Summary ........................................................................... 365
References and Further Reading ................................................. 367
Index ........................................................................................... 375
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Preface
Introduction
Network management is the poor cousin of network design and implementation.
All too often it is treated as an inconvenience by equipment manufacturers, or
forgotten entirely. But the ability to manage network devices is fundamental to
their utility, and a successful and functional network can only be built from equip-
ment that can be easily managed and operated.
Management refers to the ability to confi gure, control, operate, and diagnose
equipment. Of course, no vendor ships devices that cannot be managed, but
typically each is operated and controlled in a different way. This is not a problem
for the vendor, and might not be a problem for a network operator if all equip-
ment in the network is located at the same site and purchased from the same
vendor. Obviously, however, networks are dispersed across large distances, have
components in unattended sites, and are constructed from switches and routers
supplied by various companies (often with different versions and releases of the
devices that come from the same fi rm). This makes diverse network management
approaches a signifi cant hurdle to effi cient and effective network operation.
The resultant mélange of control mechanisms leaves the operator with a wide
array of tools that must be used for each day-to-day management task. A lot of
money has been spent attempting to develop unifi ed provisioning systems, oper-
ations support systems, and network management systems that can present a
single interface to users while managing a range of equipment. These have been
partially successful, but are chronically diffi cult to maintain and must be updated
for every new release from a vendor and for each new piece of equipment installed
in the network.
Over the years, various attempts have been made to standardize the way in
which networks and network equipment are managed. Many standards bodies—
the International Standards Organization, the International Telecommunications
Union, the TeleManagement Forum, the Internet Engineering Task Force, the
Object Management Group, and the Multiservice Switching Forum, to name just
six—have devoted considerable time and effort to specifying architectures, data
schemas, and management communication protocols.
viii Preface
One general view is that the subject of network management should be sepa-
rated into fi ve distinct subtopics known by the acronym FCAPS: fault management,
confi guration management, accounting management, performance management,
and security management. Note that these relate to the management aspects in
each case and not to the underlying principles. Thus, for example, security man-
agement relates to how security is confi gured, enabled, and operated within a
network, but does not relate directly to the security procedures themselves.
Another approach that has strong support is to manage the network through a
set of policies that are confi gured by the operator and distributed to the devices
that act within the network according to the instructions they have been given.
However, the solutions proposed by these different standards bodies compete
among themselves, and each vendor must select which one(s) to support.
Even then, vendors may continue to prefer their own, in-house management
techniques and only pay lip-service to the standardized approaches. The night-
mare continues!
This Book’s Content
This book contains eleven chapters arranged in order to introduce the material
starting with the basics, leading on through the application of network manage-
ment to different areas of networking technology from Internet Protocol (IP) and
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) to optical networking and Generalized
MPLS (GMPLS), and culminating in a discussion of policy-based management.
Chapter 1 sets the scene for the rest of the book by presenting sample sce-
narios from a variety of different application areas with completely different levels
of abstraction to outline some of the requirements for the management of net-
worked systems. The chapter shows that the requirements vary considerably. It
appears, therefore, that it is sensible to consider whether the management func-
tions should be structured as a whole to give a consistency across application
types and deployment scenarios. The discussion in the chapter considers this
possibility and looks at the complexity of “management” from the standpoint of
functional areas, life cycles, and organizational consequences.
Chapter 2 gives an overview of centralized and standardized techniques for
remote management of the devices that make up a network. It begins with a brief
description of the benefi ts of network management and then discusses some
common techniques for the collection of operational statistics and the motivation
for doing so. The chapter moves on to compare the benefi ts of proprietary con-
fi guration methods with standardized approaches. Then individual sections intro-
duce some of the standardized management models, including Management
Information Bases (MIBs), the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the
eXtensible Markup Language (XML), and the Common Object Request Broker
Architecture (CORBA). After a discussion of the differences between the models,
the chapter concludes with a section describing the use of policy within modern
networks.
Preface ix
Chapter 3 discusses the implementation and delivery of IP-based services.
While technology plays an important role in developing services, it is also impor-
tant that the services be provisioned and delivered in an easy and profi table
manner. Easy and profi table here refers to the scalability of the solution in terms
of the staffi ng and skills required to implement the solution for a mass market.
Technical implementation in the lab is an academic exercise to show the feasibil-
ity of a solution. This solution may not be profi table for a service provider if
provisioning the service for a large number of customers is too expensive or time
consuming.
Chapter 4 examines the component architecture for network management.
Proper management is critical to the success of any network, and this chapter
shows the many factors to consider in providing network management. It dis-
cusses the various functions of network management and the mechanisms used
to achieve these functions. In addition, the chapter discusses and compares a
number of variations for network management architecture, as well as the internal
and external network management relationships.
Chapter 5 describes the technologies and techniques available for service level
agreement (SLA) and network monitoring in QoS-enabled IP networks. Two main
approaches are generally used in concert to monitor performance of a QoS-
enabled network service to determine whether SLAs have been or can be met:
passive network monitoring and active network monitoring. The chapter exam-
ines the implications of using each of these approaches and contrasts them to
help you understand when to use each one.
Chapter 6 looks at the origins of MPLS and introduces some of its basic con-
cepts, including the separation of the control and forwarding planes of MPLS, the
Forward Equivalence Class, and the MPLS label, as well as some of the new appli-
cations of MPLS networks such as traffi c engineering and virtual private networks.
After this introduction to MPLS, the chapter explains the basic premise behind
why MPLS-enabled networks need to be managed to provide scalable; usable; and,
most important, profi table MPLS networks. Given this motivation, the author
describes how MPLS networks can be managed effectively using both standards-
based and nonstandard tools, many of which are described in this book.
Chapter 7 introduces several different types of management interfaces that may
be used to manage MPLS deployments. In particular, it presents an introduction
to XML, CORBA, SNMP, and the command-line interface (CLI). There is an inves-
tigation and explanation of why operators might or might not wish to use one,
none, or all of these interfaces to manage their MPLS networks, as well as to hope-
fully provide device vendors with reasons why they should or should not imple-
ment them on their MPLS devices. The end of the chapter focuses particularly on
the SNMP interface by introducing it in such a way that it may be understood for
use in managing MPLS networks.
Chapter 8 starts with a brief introduction to network management concepts
in general and how they apply to managing optical networks. This is followed
with a discussion of optical layer services and how the different aspects of the