Table Of ContentNetwork Evolution and
Applications
Network Evolution and Applications provides a comprehensive, integrative, and easy
approach to understanding the technologies, concepts, and milestones in the history
of networking. It provides an overview of different aspects involved in the network-
ing arena that includes the core technologies that are essential for communication
and important in our day- to-day life. It throws some light on certain past network-
ing concepts and technologies that have been revolutionary in the history of sci-
ence and technology and have been highly impactful. It expands on various concepts
like Artificial Intelligence, Software Defined Networking, Cloud Computing, and
Internet of Things, which are very popular at present.
This book focuses on the evolutions made in the world of networking. One can’t
imagine the world without the Internet today; with the Internet and the present-day
networking, distance doesn’t matter at all. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in
a tough time worldwide, with global lockdown, locked homes, empty streets, stores
without consumers, and offices with no or fewer staff. Thanks to the modern digi-
tal networks, the culture of work from home ( WFH) or working remotely with the
network/ Internet connection has come to the fore, with even school and university
classes going online. Although WFH is not new, the COVID-19 pandemic has given
it a new look, and industries are now willfully exploring WFH to extend it in the
future. The aim of this book is to present the timeline of networking to show the
developments made and the milestones that were achieved due to these developments.
Network Evolution and
Applications
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, and
Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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© 2023 Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey and Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
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ISBN: 9781032299563 ( hbk)
ISBN: 9781032299549 ( pbk)
ISBN: 9781003302902 ( ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/ 9781003302902
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Communication Network at a Glance ..................................................1
Abbreviations .......................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Types of Networks .....................................................................2
1.2.1 Based on Spread of the Network ..................................3
1.2.2 Based on the Type of Connection ................................4
1.2.3 Based on the Type of Signals .......................................5
1.3 Network Topology .....................................................................5
1.3.1 Bus Topology ................................................................6
1.3.2 Star Topology ...............................................................6
1.3.3 Mesh Topology .............................................................7
1.3.4 Ring Topology ..............................................................7
1.3.5 Hybrid Topology ...........................................................9
1.4 Data Communication .................................................................9
1.4.1 Use Cases of Data Communication ............................10
1.4.2 Different Data Communication Mode .......................11
1.4.3 Components of Data Communication ........................11
1.4.4 Cellular or Mobile Communication ...........................13
1.4.5 Internet .......................................................................14
1.5 International Forums and Organizations .................................14
1.5.1 ITU-T ..........................................................................14
1.5.2 IANA ..........................................................................15
1.5.3 IETF ...........................................................................15
1.5.4 3GPP ...........................................................................16
1.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................16
References ..........................................................................................16
Chapter 2 Reference Model and Protocol Suite ..................................................19
Abbreviations .....................................................................................19
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19
2.2 Why Standard Protocol Architecture? ....................................20
2.3 Logistics of Communication ...................................................20
2.3.1 Protocols .....................................................................21
2.3.2 Layers .........................................................................21
2.3.3 Service ........................................................................22
2.3.4 Client/ Server Method .................................................22
2.3.5 Addressing ..................................................................22
v
vi Contents
2.3.6 Reliability ...................................................................24
2.3.7 Flow Control Mechanism ...........................................24
2.3.8 Connection Oriented – Connectionless ......................27
2.4 TCP/ IP .....................................................................................27
2.4.1 Layered Architecture ..................................................28
2.4.2 TCP/ IP Operation .......................................................30
2.5 OSI ...........................................................................................32
2.5.1 Layered Architecture ..................................................32
2.5.2 OSI Operation ............................................................35
2.5.3 Comparing TCP/ IP and OSI Model ...........................37
2.6 IP Address ...............................................................................38
2.6.1 IPv4 Address ..............................................................38
2.6.2 IPv6 Address ..............................................................38
2.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................38
References ..........................................................................................39
Chapter 3 The First Internet: ARPANET ...........................................................41
Abbreviations .....................................................................................41
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................41
3.2 ARPANET ...............................................................................42
3.2.1 A Brief History of ARPANET ...................................42
3.2.2 Sites of ARPANET ....................................................45
3.2.3 Motivations .................................................................46
3.2.3.1 Time-Shared Computers .............................46
3.2.3.2 Network Working Group ............................46
3.2.3.3 Request For Comments ( RFC) ...................47
3.2.3.4 Network Control Protocol ...........................47
3.2.3.5 Decentralization of Network or
Distributed Control .....................................48
3.2.3.6 Store- and-Forward Switching .....................49
3.2.3.7 Responsiveness of Network ........................50
3.2.4 ARPANET Topology .................................................50
3.2.5 ARPANET Network Operation .................................51
3.3 Reception, Success, and Achievement ....................................54
3.3.1 Growth of ARPANET ................................................55
3.3.2 Impact on Computer Resource and
Communication Technology ......................................56
3.4 Conclusion ...............................................................................56
References ..........................................................................................58
Chapter 4 Ethernet ..............................................................................................61
Abbreviations .....................................................................................61
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................61
4.2 ALOHA ...................................................................................62
Contents vii
4.2.1 The ALOHA SYSTEM – Architecture .....................62
4.2.2 ALOHANET ..............................................................63
4.2.3 Pure and Slotted: ALOHA Protocols .........................65
4.3 Ethernet History ......................................................................65
4.3.1 Experimental Ethernet ...............................................66
4.3.1.1 Error Detection Mechanism .......................67
4.3.2 Ethernet Developments in History .............................68
4.4 Ethernet Concepts ...................................................................72
4.4.1 Physical Layers of Ethernet ........................................73
4.4.1.1 10 Mbit/ s Ethernet ......................................73
4.4.1.2 Fast Ethernet ...............................................73
4.4.1.3 Gigabit Ethernet ..........................................74
4.4.1.4 Ten Gigabit Ethernet ...................................74
4.4.2 Medium Access Control .............................................75
4.4.3 Ethernet Frame ...........................................................76
4.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................77
References ..........................................................................................78
Chapter 5 Journey of Cables – From Coppers to Optical Fiber ..........................79
Abbreviations .....................................................................................79
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................79
5.2 History of Telecommunication Cables ....................................80
5.2.1 POTS ..........................................................................82
5.2.2 Development of Ethernet ............................................83
5.2.3 From Analog to Digital ..............................................84
5.2.4 Transatlantic Cables ...................................................85
5.3 Copper Cables..........................................................................87
5.3.1 Twisted Pairs ..............................................................88
5.3.2 Coaxial Cables ...........................................................93
5.3.3 Hybrid Cables .............................................................94
5.4 Optical Fiber Cables ................................................................94
5.4.1 Single-Mode Fiber ......................................................96
5.4.2 Multimode Fiber .........................................................97
5.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................97
References ..........................................................................................98
Chapter 6 Wireless Networks .............................................................................99
Abbreviation .......................................................................................99
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................100
6.2 Wireless Networks and Communication ...............................101
6.2.1 Wireless Telegraphy .................................................102
6.2.2 Mobile Telephone Service – Precellular ..................103
6.2.3 Mobile Communication – Cellular ...........................104
6.2.3.1 First Generation ........................................104
viii Contents
6.2.3.2 Second Generation ....................................105
6.2.3.3 Third Generation ......................................105
6.2.3.4 Fourth Generation .....................................106
6.2.4 Wi-Fi ........................................................................106
6.2.5 WiMAX ...................................................................107
6.2.6 ZigBee ......................................................................108
6.2.7 Bluetooth ..................................................................109
6.3 Architecture of Wireless Networks .......................................110
6.3.1 The OSI Reference Model ........................................110
6.3.2 Different Types of Wireless Network .......................112
6.3.2.1 Wireless Wide Area Network ...................112
6.3.2.2 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network .......113
6.3.2.3 Wireless Local Area Network ..................113
6.3.2.4 Wireless Personal Area Network ..............114
6.3.3 Wireless Network Topologies ...................................114
6.3.3.1 Point- to-Point Wireless Network ..............114
6.3.3.2 Star Wireless Network ..............................115
6.3.3.3 Tree Wireless Network .............................115
6.3.3.4 Mesh Wireless Network ............................116
6.3.4 Wireless Service Modes ...........................................116
6.4 Conclusion .............................................................................118
References ........................................................................................119
Chapter 7 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching ..........................................121
Abbreviations ...................................................................................121
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................121
7.2 Switched Network .................................................................122
7.3 Circuit Switching ...................................................................124
7.3.1 Manual Switching ....................................................126
7.3.2 Automatic Switching ................................................126
7.4 Packet Switching ...................................................................127
7.4.1 Datagram ..................................................................129
7.4.2 Virtual Circuit ..........................................................129
7.5 Conclusion .............................................................................130
References ........................................................................................131
Chapter 8 Multiprotocol Label Switching ........................................................133
Abbreviations ...................................................................................133
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................134
8.2 MPLS Background: A Historical View .................................134
8.2.1 IP Switching Technology .........................................136
8.2.2 Tag Switching ...........................................................138
8.2.3 IBM ARIS ................................................................138
8.2.4 MPLS .......................................................................139
Contents ix
8.3 Architecture of MPLS ...........................................................140
8.3.1 MPLS Terminologies ...............................................141
8.3.2 MPLS Label Header .................................................143
8.3.3 MPLS Operations .....................................................144
8.3.3.1 Assignment of Label .................................144
8.3.3.2 LDP or TDP Session Establishment .........145
8.3.3.3 Distribution of Label .................................145
8.3.3.4 Retention of Label ....................................146
8.3.4 Label Operations ......................................................146
8.4 Conclusion .............................................................................147
References ........................................................................................148
Chapter 9 Metro Ethernet .................................................................................149
Abbreviations ...................................................................................149
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................149
9.2 Metro Ethernet .......................................................................150
9.2.1 Metro Ethernet Forum ..............................................151
9.2.2 MEF: Carrier Ethernet Terminologies .....................152
9.2.3 MEF: Carrier Ethernet Services ...............................153
9.2.3.1 E-Line .......................................................153
9.2.3.2 E-LAN ......................................................154
9.2.3.3 E-Tree ........................................................155
9.2.3.4 E-Access ...................................................156
9.3 Conclusion .............................................................................157
References ........................................................................................157
Chapter 10 Modern Internet ................................................................................159
Abbreviations ...................................................................................159
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................159
10.2 Principles of Modern Internet Architecture ..........................160
10.2.1 Heterogeneity ...........................................................161
10.2.2 Scalability .................................................................162
10.2.3 Simplicity .................................................................162
10.2.4 Robustness and Adaptability ....................................163
10.2.5 Loose Coupling ........................................................163
10.2.6 Naming and Addressing ...........................................164
10.2.7 Distributed Architecture ..........................................165
10.3 The Web.................................................................................165
10.3.1 Web vs. Internet ........................................................166
10.3.2 Web 2.0 .....................................................................166
10.4 Conclusion .............................................................................167
References ........................................................................................168
