Nephrology secrets

617 Pages·2018·43.695 MB·English

by  Edgar V. Lerma, Matthew A. Sparks, Joel Topf (editors)

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2015v1.0
NEPHROLOGY
FOURTH EDITION
EDGAR V. LERMA, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon)
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Section of Nephrology
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine/Advocate Christ
Medical Center
Oak Lawn, Illinois
MATTHEW A. SPARKS, MD, FASN, FNKF
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Associate Program Director, Nephrology Fellowship
Duke University Medical Center;
Staff Physician
Durham VA Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina
JOEL M. TOPF, MD, FACP
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Medicine
Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
Auburn Hills, Michigan
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
NEPHROLOGY SECRETS, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-47871-7
Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such informa-
tion or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
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and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2003, and 1999.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lerma, Edgar V., editor. | Sparks, Matthew A., editor. | Topf, Joel
M., editor.
Title: Nephrology secrets / [edited by] Edgar V. Lerma, Matthew A. Sparks,
Joel M. Topf.
Description: Fourth edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2019] |
Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017060071 | ISBN 9780323478717 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Kidney Diseases
Classification: LCC RC903 | NLM WJ 300 | DDC 616.6/1--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017060071
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-47871-7
Content Strategist: James Merritt
Content Development Specialist: Meghan Andress
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Rachel E. McMullen
Design Direction: Bridget Hoette
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To all my mentors, and friends, at the University of Santo Tomas
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery in Manila, Philippines, and
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, IL,
who have in one way or another influenced and guided me to
become the physician that I am . . .
To all the medical students, interns, and residents at Advocate Christ
Medical Center whom I have taught or learned from, especially those
who eventually decided to pursue nephrology as a career . . .
To my parents and my brothers, without whose unwavering love
and support through the good and challenging times I would not have
persevered and reached my goals in life . . .
Most especially, to my two lovely and precious daughters, Anastasia
Zofia and Isabella Ann, whose smiles and laughter constantly
provide me with unparalleled joy and happiness; and my very loving
and understanding wife, Michelle, who has always been supportive
of my endeavors both personally and professionally, and who sacrificed
a lot of time and exhibited unwavering patience as I devoted a
significant amount of time and effort to this project. Truly,
they always provide me with motivation and inspiration.
Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon)
Editing the fourth edition of Nephrology Secrets has been both
rewarding and educational. Thanks to Edgar and Joel for embarking
on this journey with me. I could not ask for a better editorial team.
Thanks to each of the chapter authors for taking time to research
and write excellent chapters. Thanks to all of my mentors, especially
Tom Andreoli, Bob Safirstein, and Tom Coffman. Thanks to the many
undergraduates, medical students, residents, fellows, and my
colleagues I have had the privilege to work with both at Duke
University Medical Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences. You have all played an important role in my life and continue
to inspire and motivate me. Thanks to my family, my siblings Jeff,
Shannon, and my parents for their encouragement and support.
Especially thanks to my wife, Neha, and the twins, Meera and Ishan,
for their unequivocal support and love throughout this project.
Thank you to the many patients and family members I have had
the privilege to care for over the years. I sincerely hope this book
helps others on their journey in medicine.
Matthew A. Sparks, MD, FASN, FNKF
iii
My hike through medicine and nephrology has been filled with teachers
and mentors. It has been a rich and rewarding journey in ways that I
could never have imagined. During this journey there have been particular
people who have believed in me and have been willing to trust me on
this somewhat unconventional path. Ernest Yoder at Wayne State
School of Medicine, Mary Ciccarelli at Indiana University Med-Peds,
and Patrick Murray at the University of Chicago Nephrology Fellowship
immediately come to mind. After my formal education, Robert Provenzano
has been a tireless cheerleader and more importantly, he built
St Clair Specialty Physicians into the type of nephrology company
where a physician who saw private practice a bit differently
could thrive.
I probably owe the most to the online nephrology community that has
blossomed in the last few years to be an always-on, all-hours, cocktail
party, with interesting conversation and intelligent answers to the
questions that bombard us all in clinical nephrology. #NephTwitter, you
are the future of nephrology education. Don’t slow down; keep going
full speed ahead.
I want to thank my wife, Cathy. Without her I wouldn’t be able to do any
of this. She is understanding, helpful, and patient. She has excellent
instincts and continues to be an awesome partner. She is better than I
deserve. Thanks for everything. Cathy is a wonderful mother to our
twins, Simon and Laura, who are great kids and always put a smile on
my face. It has been a delight watching you mature into thoughtful and
kind adults. Keep doing what you are doing, you are going to be the
people this planet needs.
Finally, I am left with the impossible task of trying to express the
amount of gratitude I have for my parents and how much they have
given me. Nobody could have received a better childhood than my
parents gave me and my sister. My mom and dad have always helped
guide and support me. So many times they could have tried to block an
unconventional decision, but instead, they understood what I was trying
to do and supported and helped me along. Thanks.
Joel M. Topf, MD, FACP
iv
CONTRIBUTORS
Rajiv Agarwal, MD Michael Berkoben, MD, FACP
Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology Division of Nephrology
Indiana University School of Medicine Duke University Medical Center
Indianapolis, Indiana Durham, North Carolina
Talal Alfaadhel, MBBS, FRCPC Scott D. Bieber, DO
Assistant Professor Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine University of Washington
King Saud University Medical City Seattle, Washington
King Saud University
Florian Buchkremer, MD
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation
Martin J. Andersen, DO Kantonsspital Aarau
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Aarau, Switzerland
Division of Nephrology
Anna Marie Burgner, MD, MEHP
Indiana University School of Medicine
Assistant Professor
Indianapolis, Indiana
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
John Robert Asplin, MD Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Medical Director Nashville, Tennessee
Litholink Corp, Laboratory Corporation of Americ
James Brian Byrd, MD, MS
Holdings
Assistant Professor
Chicago, Illinois
Department of Medicine
Rupali S. Avasare MD University of Michigan
Assistant Professor of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
Department of Medicine
Daniel Cattran, MD
Oregon Health and Science University
Professor of Medicine
Portland, Oregon
Department of Medicine
George L. Bakris, MD University Health Network;
Professor and Director, ASH Comprehensive Senior Scientist
Hypertension Center Toronto General Research Institute
Department of Medicine University Health Network
The University of Chicago Medicine Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Chicago, Illinois
Devasmita Choudhury, MD
Amar D. Bansal, MD Chief Renal Section
Division of Renal-Electrolyte Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics Salem, Virginia;
University of Pennsylvania Associate Professor Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Virginia
Charlottesville Virginia;
Pravir V. Baxi, MD
Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Roanoke Virginia
Division of Nephrology
Department of Internal Medicine
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Rolando Claure-Del Granado, MD, FASN Jennifer L. Ennis, MD, FACP
Professor of Medicine Medical Director
Head Division of Nephrology Litholink Corporation, a LabCorp Company;
Hospital Obrero #2 - C.N.S., Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Universidad Mayor de San Simon School of Medicine Medicine, Division of Nephrology
Cochabamba, Bolivia University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Bradley M. Denker, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Fernando C. Fervenza, MD, PhD
Harvard Medical School; Professor of Medicine
Clinical Chief Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
Renal Division Mayo Clinic
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Rochester, Minnesota
Chief of Nephrology
Robert A. Figlin, MD, FACP
Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates
Steven Spielberg Family Chair in Hematology
Boston, Massachusetts
Oncology;
Vimal K. Derebail, MD Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
Assistant Professor of Medicine Director
UNC Kidney Center Division of Hematology Oncology;
University of North Carolina Deputy Director
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Integrated Oncology Service Line;
Deputy Director
Robert J. Desnick, PhD, MD
Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute
Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences
Saperstein Critical Care Tower
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Los Angeles, California
New York, New York
Zita Galvin, MD
Luca di Lullo, MD
Liver Transplant Unit
Department of Nephrology and Dialysis
Toronto General Hospital
L. Parodi–Delfino Hospital
University Health Network
Colleferro, Italy
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
John V. Duronville, MD
Pranav S. Garimella, MD
Medical Instructor
Division of Nephrology-Hypertension
Division of Nephrology
University of California San Diego
Duke University Medical Center
San Diego, California
Durham, North Carolina
Debbie S. Gipson, MS, MD
Garabed Eknoyan, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Selzman Institute of Kidney Health
Department of Pediatrics
Section of Nephrology
University of Michigan
Department of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas Patrick E. Gipson, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Mina El Kateb, MD
University of Michigan
Transplant Nephrology Fellow
Ann Arbor, Michigan
St John Hospital and Medical Center
Detroit, Michigan David S. Goldfarb, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF
Professor of Medicine and Physiology
William J. Elliott, MD, PhD
NYU School of Medicine;
Professor of Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine
Interim Division Chief
and Pharmacology
Department of Nephrology
Chair
NYU Langone Medical Center
Department of Biomedical Sciences;
New York, New York
Chief
Division of Pharmacology
Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences
Yakima, Washington
CONTRIBUTORS vii
Arthur Greenberg, MD Jonathan Ashley Jefferson, MD, FRCP
Professor of Medicine, Emeritus Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology Division of Nephrology
Department of Medicine University of Washington
Duke University Medical Center Seattle, Washington
Durham, North Carolina
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, MD, MPH, PhD
Hermann Haller, MD Professor and Chief
Professor, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Director University of California Irvine Medical Center
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Orange, California
Hannover Medical School
Elaine S. Kamil, MD
Hannover, Germany
Health Sciences Clinical Professor of Pediatrics
Swapnil Hiremath, MD, MPH David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA;
Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Nephrology
Department of Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
University of Ottawa; Los Angeles, California
Senior Clinical Investigator
Jon-Emile S. Kenny, MD
Clinical Epidemiology
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Department of Internal Medicine
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Edward J. Horwitz, MD New York, New York;
Metrohealth Medical Center Masters Candidate
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Department of Learning, Informatics, Management
Cleveland, Ohio and Ethics
Karolinska Institutet
Susan Hou, MD
Stockholm, Sweden
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine Charbel C. Khoury, MD
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Fellow
Loyola University Medical Center Department of Nephrology
Maywood, Illinois Brigham and Women’s Hospital;
Fellow
Lesley A. Inker, MD, MS
Department of Nephrology
Associate Professor of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Jatinder Kohli, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Maria V. Irazabal, MD
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Division of Nephrology
Department of Internal Medicine Eugene C. Kovalik, MD, CM, FRCP(C), FACP, FASN
Mayo Clinic Associate Profesor of Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota Department of Medicine/Nephrology
Duke University Medical Center
Ashley Bruce Irish, MBBS, FRACP
Durham, North Carolina
Consultant Nephrologist
Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Csaba P. Kovesdy, MD
Fiona Stanley Hospital; Fred Hatch Professor of Medicine
Clinical Professor Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center;
University of Western Australia Nephrology Section Chief
Perth, Western Australia, Australia Memphis VA Medical Center
Memphis, Tennessee
Kenar D. Jhaveri, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Hempstead, New York
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Warren Kupin, MD Ravindra L. Mehta, MBBS, MD, DM, FACP, FASN
Professor of Medicine Professor of Clinical Medicine,
Miami Transplant Institute Associate Chair of Clinical Research,
Katz Family Division of Nephrology Director CREST and MAS in Clinical Research
University of Miami Program
Miami, Florida Department of Medicine
University of California San Diego
Ruediger W. Lehrich, MD
San Diego, California
Associate Professor of Medicine,
Program Director Patrick H. Nachman, MD
Nephrology Fellowship, Marion Stedman Covington Distinguished Professor
Director of Home-Suitable Dialysis of Medicine
Duke University Medical Center UNC Kidney Center
Durham, North Carolina University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon)
Clinical Professor of Medicine Carol Nadai, MD
Section of Nephrology Medical Oncologist Instituto de Oncologia do Parana
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine/ Curitibia, Brazil
Advocate Christ Medical Center
Lavinia Aura Negrea, MD
Oak Lawn, Illinois
Associate Professor of Medicine
Moshe Levi, MD Department of Medicine
Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Biology Cleveland, Ohio
Georgetown University Medical Center
Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD
Aurora, Colorado
University of Manitoba
Joseph L. Lockridge, MD Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Medical Director
Keith C. Norris, MD, PhD
Kidney Transplant Program
Professor
Portland VA Health Care System;
Department of Medicine
Director of Transplant Nephrology
David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
Fellowship Training Program,
Los Angeles, California
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University Alexander Novakovic, MD
Portland, Oregon Research Associate
Division of Genitourinary
Jennifer Lopez, BS
Malignancies Department of Medical Oncology &
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Therapeutics Research
NYU Langone Health
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center
New York, New York
Duarte, California
Etienne Macedo, MD, PhD
Ali J. Olyaei, PharmD
Assistant Adjunct Professor
Professor
University of California San Diego, School of
Medicine and Pharmacy Practice
Medicine
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
San Diego, California
OSU/OHSU
Rajnish Mehrotra, MBBS, MD, MS Portland, Oregon
Professor of Medicine
Sumanta Kumar Pal, MD
Department of Medicine
Associate Professor
University of Washington;
Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental
Section Head Nephrology
Therapeutics
Department of Medicine
Division of Genitourinary Malignancies
Harborview Medical Center
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center
Seattle, Washington
Duarte, California