NEPAD Western African Water Centres of Excellence Water Resources and River Basin ...

322 Pages·2014·6.09 MB·English

NEPAD Western African Water Centres of Excellence
Water Resources and River Basin Management Joint
Training Course

2014
Report EUR 26622EN
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Contact information
Efstathios DALAMANGAS
Address: rue de la Loi, 41 – 1000 Brussels, Belgium
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel.: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Adolf RIEHM
Address: rue de la Loi, 41 – 1000 Brussels, Belgium
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +(32) 2 2993311
Fax: +(32) 2 2994947
César CARMONA MORENO
Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 440, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel.: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

This publication is a Technical Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
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This publication is a Technical Report by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. It aims to
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JRC 89855

EUR 26622 EN

ISBN 978-92-79-37914-7 (print)
ISBN 978-92-79-37913-0 (pdf)

ISSN 1018-5593 (print)
ISSN 1831-9424 (online)

doi: 10.2788/63102 (online)

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014

© European Union, 2014

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in Italy
EDITORS
Biedler Murray, Donin Giorgia, Leone Andrea, Carmona Moreno César

NEPAD Western African Water Centres of Excellence
Water Resources and River Basin Management Joint
Training Course

The following institutions contributed to the redaction of this document:

University of Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal)
University of Benin (Nigeria)
National Water Resources Institute (Nigeria)
Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (Ghana)

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MAIN AUTHORS
(In alphabetical order)

Ahmed D.S., National Water Resources Institute Kaduna, Nigeria.
Ba S., Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal.
Ehiorobo J. O., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Benin, Nigeria.
Fall A.N., Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal.
Izinyon O. C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Benin, Nigeria.
Kane A., Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal
Oduro-Kwarteng S., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana.

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Contents
JOINT TRAINING COURSE INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 9
COURS DE GESTION INTEGREE DES RESSOURCES EN EAU ............................. 15
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 20
1.1 Contexte et justifications ............................................................................................... 20
1.2 Disponibilités de la ressource ......................................................................................... 21
1.3 La Crise de l’eau: une Planète assoiffée ? ...................................................................... 24
1.4 Eau et changements climatiques ................................................................................... 26
1.5 Les usages de l’eau ......................................................................................................... 28
2.0 LES PRINCIPES DIRECTEURS ET DEFINITIONS DE LA GIRE ......................... 32
2.1 Les différentes définitions de la Gire ............................................................................. 32
2.2 Gouvernance des ressources en eau: Problématiques et enjeux pour le XXIe siècle ... 34
2.3 Méthodes et outils de mise en œuvre ........................................................................... 36
3.0 EXERCICE: LE LAC DE GUIERS ................................................................... 38
3.1 Description ..................................................................................................................... 38
BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................ 44
WATER ALLOCATION AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT TRAINING COURSE...... 47
1.0 BASIC WATER RESOURCE CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES ............................ 51
1.1 Hydrologic cycle and water resources ........................................................................... 51
1.2 Uses and importance of water resources ...................................................................... 52
1.3 Impact of human activities on water resources quantity and quality ........................... 53
1.4 Integrated water resources management principles ..................................................... 55
1.5 Applying integrated water resources management (IWRM) ......................................... 55
2.0 WATER ALLOCATION ASSESSMENT AND MODELLING ............................. 56
2.1 Definition and purpose of water allocation ................................................................... 58
2.2 Objectives and principles of water allocation ................................................................ 59
2.3 Scale of water allocation within basin ........................................................................... 60
2.4 Uncertainty in water allocation ...................................................................................... 61
2.5 Legal framework and water rights for water allocation ................................................ 62
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2.6 Principles of transboundary water allocation ................................................................ 66
2.7 Priority of water allocation between sectors ................................................................. 68
2.8 Water allocation mechanisms ........................................................................................ 68
2.9 Integrated water allocation planning and modeling...................................................... 70
2.10 Case study: water allocation in Volta river basin shared by six riparian countries ..... 72
3.0 WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT ........................................................... 76
3.1 Balancing water demand and supply ............................................................................. 76
3.2 Definition of WDM ......................................................................................................... 77
3.3 Water use efficiency ....................................................................................................... 79
3.4 Public awareness and education .................................................................................... 83
3.5 Economic, legal and institutional measures .................................................................. 86
3.6 Water losses management ............................................................................................. 87
3.7 Developing a WDM strategy and implementing plan .................................................... 91
3.8 Benefits and experience of WDM .................................................................................. 92
3.9 Water demand management options modelling ........................................................... 93
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 98
POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND EVALUATION TRAINING COURSE
.................................................................................................................. 101
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING
AND EVALUATION ...................................................................................... 109
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 109
1.2 Definition of monitoring ............................................................................................... 109
1.3 Common types of monitoring ...................................................................................... 111
1.4 Definition of evaluation ................................................................................................ 112
1.5 Monitoring and evaluation systems ............................................................................. 113
1.6 M&E experience in developing countries .................................................................... 114
1.7 What is post-construction monitoring and evaluation? .............................................. 114
1.8 Data collection for monitoring and evaluation ............................................................ 115
1.9 Post construction monitoring and evaluation in conflict situation resolution ............ 117
2.0 LAWS, POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT IN POST-
CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND EVALUATION ..................................... 118
2.1 Public policies related to monitoring and evaluation .................................................. 118
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2.2 Institutional arrangements........................................................................................... 118
2.3 M&E standards and ethics ........................................................................................... 118
2.4 The role of government departments in promoting useful M&E systems .................. 119
2.5 Bias and error in PCM&E .............................................................................................. 120
3.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND
EVALUATION .............................................................................................. 121
3.1 Purpose of PCM&E ....................................................................................................... 121
3.2 Scope of PCM&E ........................................................................................................... 121
3.3 PCM&E structures, information systems and processes ............................................. 122
3.4 The basic steps for PCM&E .......................................................................................... 122
4.0 PERFORMANCE QUESTIONS, INFORMATION NEEDS AND INDICATORS IN
POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................ 124
4.1 M&E within a Logical Framework approach ................................................................ 124
4.2 Performance questions ................................................................................................ 124
4.3 What to monitor and evaluate in post-construction ................................................... 124
4.3 General evaluation issues ............................................................................................ 125
4.4 Indicators ...................................................................................................................... 126
5.0 PROGRAMME DESIGN IN POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND
EVALUATION .............................................................................................. 130
5.1 Components of post construction monitoring and evaluation programme/system .. 130
5.2 Key steps in setting up the PCM&E programme/system ............................................. 131
5.3 Detail of a PCM&E plan ................................................................................................ 131
5.4 Critical reflection processes and events for PCM&E .................................................... 133
5.5 Resources for PCM&E .................................................................................................. 135
5.6 Engagement of stakeholders in PCM&E ...................................................................... 138
5.7 Terms of reference (TOR) for Post-Construction Evaluation ....................................... 139
6.0 INFORMATION GATHERING, ORGANISATION AND STORAGE ................ 144
6.1 Information gathering and data collection .................................................................. 144
6.2 Primary data collection methods in PCM&E ................................................................ 144
6.3 Assessing secondary data ............................................................................................. 149
6.4 Quantitative and qualitative data ................................................................................ 149
6.5 Preparing for surveys ................................................................................................... 150
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6.6 Preparing specific data collection methods/tools ....................................................... 150
6.7 Minimizing data collection costs .................................................................................. 151
6.8 Data management ........................................................................................................ 152
6.9 Data analysis in PCM&E................................................................................................ 154
6.10 Quality assurance and quality control in PCM&M ..................................................... 156
7.0 CASE STUDY PROGRAMME FOR PCM&E OF KAINJI DAM, NIGERIA ....... 158
7.1 Site description ............................................................................................................. 158
7.2 The need for post construction monitoring and inspection of the dam ..................... 159
7.3 Dam instrumentation ................................................................................................... 159
7.4 Dam inspection at the Kainji dam ................................................................................ 160
7.5 Dam monitoring at Kainji ............................................................................................. 160
7.6 Layout of a formal technical inspection report ............................................................ 162
7.7 What to look for in post construction monitoring ....................................................... 165
7.8 underwater investigation ............................................................................................. 166
7.9 Evaluation of monitoring instruments and system ...................................................... 167
7.10 Fill dams ...................................................................................................................... 168
7.11 Concrete dam ............................................................................................................. 168
7.12 Navigation locks ......................................................................................................... 168
7.13 Triangulation/geodetic survey ................................................................................... 168
7.14 Plumbline micrometer microscope ............................................................................ 169
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 180
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TRAINING COURSE ...................... 181
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 187
1.2 Nature and Purpose of EIA for Water and Sanitation Projects .................................... 187
1.3 Historical Perspectives in EIA ....................................................................................... 187
1.4 Aims and Objectives in EIA for Water Resources and Sanitation Projects .................. 188
1.5 Legal and Institutional Framework in EIA .................................................................... 189
2.0 SCREENING AND SCOPING .................................................................... 191
2.1 Screening ...................................................................................................................... 191
2.2 Scoping ......................................................................................................................... 194
2.3 Establishment of Environmental Baseline ................................................................... 199
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3.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION .................... 201
3.1 Impact Identification Method ...................................................................................... 202
3.2 Impact Prediction ......................................................................................................... 211
3.3 Impact Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 212
4.0 IMPACT MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................................... 215
4.1 Impact Mitigation ......................................................................................................... 215
4.2 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................... 217
4.3 Reporting in EIA Process............................................................................................... 218
4.4 Public Participation in EIA Decision Making ................................................................. 219
4.5 Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 219
4.6 Trans-boundary EIA ...................................................................................................... 220
5.0 CASE STUDY IN EIA PROCESS ................................................................ 221
5.1 Description of the case study Area .............................................................................. 221
5.2 Baseline Data Collection ............................................................................................... 222
5.3 Baseline Data Acquisition ............................................................................................. 223
5.4 Socio Economic Studies ................................................................................................ 230
5.5 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts ....................................................... 236
5.6 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................... 245
5.7 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................... 249
5.8 Remediation Plans after decommissioning/closure .................................................... 252
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 253
CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN RIVER BASIN
MANAGEMENT TRAINING COURSE ............................................................ 257
1.0 OVERVIEW OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND WATER RESOURCES ........... 265
1.1 Hydrological Cycle ........................................................................................................ 265
1.2 Water Resources .......................................................................................................... 267
1.3 Global Water Resources Distribution ........................................................................... 268
1.4 Water Resources in Africa ............................................................................................ 268
1.5 Water Resources Challenges ........................................................................................ 271
2.0 INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
(IWRM) ...................................................................................................... 274
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2.1 What is IWRM? ............................................................................................................. 274
2.2 Concept of IWRM ......................................................................................................... 274
2.3 Links between Hydrological Cycle and IWRM .............................................................. 276
2.4 Water Resources Functions and IWRM ....................................................................... 277
2.5 Implementing IWRM at River Basin Level .................................................................... 278
3.0 UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND DISPUTES OVER WATER RESOURCES 280
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 280
3.2 Conflict and Development............................................................................................ 280
3.3 Some Basic Terms Relating to Conflict ......................................................................... 281
3.4 Nature of Disputes over Water Resources ................................................................... 281
3.5 Types of Conflict and Stages of Development ............................................................. 284
4.0 CONFLICT HANDLING APPROACHES ...................................................... 289
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 289
4.2 Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution ............................................................ 289
4.3 Understanding Conflict Resolution Methods ............................................................... 290
4.4 Strategy for Conflict Resolution ................................................................................... 294
4.5 Essential Skills for Handling Conflicts ........................................................................... 296
5.0 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT .............. 301
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 301
5.2 Community Involvement in River Basin Management ................................................ 301
5.3 Types and Nature of Community Involvement ............................................................ 302
5.4 Strategy for Integrating Community in River Basin Management ............................... 305
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 316

Photos credits
Cover page: Lefèbvre – EUROPEAID Media Library
Module 1: Francesco Coco - – EUROPEAID Media Library
Module 2: Olga De Biaggio
Module 3: Peter Beck Christiansen - EUROPEAID Media Library
Module 4: Marco Giacomassi
Module 5: David Mogollón - EUROPEAID Media library

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