Table Of ContentNematodes as Biocontrol Agents
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Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents
Edited by
Parwinder S. Grewal
Department of Entomology
Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
USA
Ralf-Udo Ehlers
Department of Biotechnology and BiologicalControl
Institute forPhytopathology
Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel,Raisdorf
Germany
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
United States Department ofAgriculture
Agriculture ResearchService
Southeastern Fruitand Tree Nut Research Laboratory,Byron,Georgia
USA
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London,UK.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Nematodes as biocontrol agents / edited by Parwinder S. Grewal, Ralf-
UdoEhlers,DavidI.Shapiro-Ilan.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-85199-017-7(alk.paper)
1. Nematoda as biological pest control agents. I. Grewal, Parwinder S.
II.Ehlers,Ralf-Udo.III.Shaprio-Ilan,DavidI.
SB976.N46N462005
632’.96–dc22
2004030022
ISBN0851990177
TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundintheUKbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn
ThisvolumeisdedicatedtoDrHarryK.Kayainrecognitionofhisnumerouscontributions
toinsectpathology.Hisearlycontributionstotheecologyofentomopathogenicnematodes
provided a solid foundation for the development of application strategies for use of
nematodes in insect biocontrol. Dr Kaya has co-edited four books on entomopathogenic
nematodes and insect pathology/biological control and co-authored a book on insect
pathology.Hehaspublishedmorethan230researchpapersontheecologyandapplication
of insect nematodes and other pathogens and is one of the co-founding editors of the
journal Biological Control. His outstanding leadership and scholarly accomplishments,
spanningnearlythreedecades,haveplayedakeyroleinexpandingresearchandapplica-
tionininsectnematologytolaboratoriesandindustriesaroundtheworld.
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xv
GlossaryofTerms xvii
PARTI. NEMATODEMORPHOLOGYANDTAXONOMY 1
1. MorphologyandSystematicsofNematodesUsedinBiocontrol 3
S.P.StockandD.J.Hunt
PARTII. ENTOMOPATHOGENICNEMATODES 45
2. BiologyandBehaviour 47
C.T.Griffin,N.E.BoemareandE.E.Lewis
3. MassProduction 65
R.-U.EhlersandD.I.Shapiro-Ilan
4. FormulationandQuality 79
P.S.GrewalandA.Peters
5. ApplicationTechnology 91
D.J.Wright,A.Peters,S.SchroerandJ.P.Fife
6. ForumonSafetyandRegulation 107
R.-U.Ehlers
7. Lawn,TurfgrassandPastureApplications 115
P.S.Grewal,A.M.Koppenho¨ferandH.Y.Choo
8. GlasshouseApplications 147
M.Tomalak,S.PiggottandG.B.Jagdale
9. NurseryandTreeApplications 167
R.W.H.M.VanTolandM.J.Raupp
vii
viii Contents
10. MushroomApplications 191
S.Jess,H.SchweizerandM.Kilpatrick
11. OrchardApplications 215
D.I.Shapiro-Ilan,L.W.Duncan,L.A.LaceyandR.Han
12. SoftFruitApplications 231
R.S.Cowles,S.Polavarapu,R.N.Williams,A.ThiesandR.-U.Ehlers
13. VegetableandTuberCropApplications 255
G.Be´lair,D.J.WrightandG.Curto
14. Cereal,Fibre,OilseedandMedicinalCropApplications 265
H.E.Cabanillas,R.J.WrightandR.V.Vyas
15. ForestryApplications 281
P.Torr,M.J.WilsonandS.Heritage
16. ApplicationsfortheControlofPestsofHumansandAnimals 295
I.Glazer,M.SamishandF.G.delPino
17. ApplicationsforSocialInsectControl 317
D.H.Gouge
18. ASystemsApproachtoConservationofNematodes 331
M.E.BarbercheckandC.W.Hoy
19. InteractionswithPlant-parasiticNematodes 349
E.E.LewisandP.S.Grewal
20. CompatibilityandInteractionswithAgrochemicalsandOther
BiocontrolAgents 363
A.M.Koppenho¨ferandP.S.Grewal
PARTIII. ENTOMOPHILICNEMATODES 383
21. ApplicationofBeddingiasiricidicolaforSirexWoodwaspControl 385
R.A.BeddingandE.T.Iede
22. TheEntomophilicThripinema 401
J.FunderburkandK.S.Latsha
23. MermithidNematodes 411
E.G.Platzer,B.A.MullensandM.M.Shamseldean
PARTIV. SLUG-PARASITICNEMATODES 419
24. Biology,ProductionandFormulationofSlug-parasiticNematodes 421
M.J.WilsonandP.S.Grewal
25. ApplicationofSlug-parasiticNematodes 431
A.EsterandM.J.Wilson
PARTV. PREDATORYNEMATODES 445
26. PotentialofPredatoryNematodestoControlPlant-parasiticNematodes 447
A.L.BilgramiandC.Brey
Contents ix
PARTVI. FUNGAL-FEEDINGNEMATODES 465
27. PotentialofFungal-feedingNematodesfortheControlofSoil-borne
PlantPathogens 467
N.Ishibashi
PARTVII. CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREDIRECTIONS 477
28. CriticalIssuesandResearchNeedsforExpandingtheUseof
NematodesinBiocontrol 479
P.S.Grewal,R.-U.EhlersandD.I.Shapiro-Ilan
Index 491
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Description:This book documents and illustrates major developments in the use of nematodes for the biological control of insects and slugs. It covers the use of three main types of nematodes: entomopathogenic nematodes, entomophilic nematodes and slug-parasitic nematodes. The biology, commercial production, for
