Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection

532 Pages·2015·3.49 MB·English

by  Raquel Campos-Herrera (eds.)

Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection
Editor
Raquel Campos-Herrera
Nematode
Pathogenesis
of Insects and
Other Pests
Ecology and Applied Technologies for
Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection
Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection
Volume 1
Serieseditor
Aurelio Ciancio, Sezione di Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per
laProtezionedellePiante,Bari,Italy
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13031
Raquel Campos-Herrera
Editor
Nematode Pathogenesis
of Insects and Other Pests
Ecology and Applied Technologies
for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection
123
Editor
RaquelCampos-Herrera
UniversityofNeuchâtel
Neuchâtel,Switzerland
SustainabilityinPlantandCropProtection
ISBN978-3-319-18265-0 ISBN978-3-319-18266-7 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015944708
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
Chapters 8, 9 were created within the capacity of an US governmental employment. US copyright
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Tomyfather

Series Preface
This is the first Volume of the Series Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection,
produced thanks to the enthusiastic dedication and endless efforts of the Volume
Editor,RaquelCamposHerrera,andallthecontributingauthors.
TheSeriesstemsfromthepreviousIntegratedManagementofPlantsPestsand
Diseases Series that I had the pleasure to edit until its completion with the late
Prof. K. G. Mukerji. Some considerations underpinning that Series hold for this
newendeavour.
SUPPaimsatpresentinganannualcoverageoftopicsinthefieldofsustainable
agriculture.Eachcontributionwillbededicatedtoaspecifictheme,coveringaspects
havingincommontheconceptofsustainability.Inparticular,theSerieswilltarget
keyissuesincropprotection,includingnotonlypestanddiseasecontrol,butalso
methods applied to manage biotic and abiotic stresses, both at the plant and the
wholecroplevels.
Thekeyword“sustainable”istodaycommonlyencounteredamongagricultural
researchprojectsandactivities.Ithasvariousfacets,derivingfromtheLatinword
sustineo which means to endure or give support. By itself, the concept is simple
andparticularlysuitablefortheactualsituationoftheworldagriculture.Enduring
productions require the conservation of all the natural resources involved, to be
passed to the new generations. In a parallel with the economy and finance, it is
insomewaylikepreservingthecapital(orsavings),livingbytheinterests.
Are the agricultural “savings” still intact today? In my personal opinion we
are already consuming this heritage, and the growing population expected by the
next decades will keep this rate increasing. In this perspective, “sustainability”
concerns actions aiming at saving the natural and agricultural resources and the
benefits(food,commodities)theyproduce.Thisassumptionmayappearirrelevant
or academic on the rich side of the world, but it assumes a dramatic and concrete
meaning if the whole planet is considered. Shortage of food and environment
destruction are not only a shame for the technological society we are immersed
in,butalsorepresentapotent,althoughunpredictable,forceinhistory.
There are two ways to increase food production. The first is by increasing the
land (or waters) invested. The second is by raising the average productivity per
vii
viii SeriesPreface
surface unit. The former cannot grow forever, since most fertile soils are already
investedinagriculture.Furthermore,theratesofdeforestationoroceansandcoastal
waters exploitation already affect the whole planet ecology. The second option
requires an increase in the production of knowledge. In particular, it concerns the
substitutionofenergy-basedproductioncycles(i.e.basedonmassiveuseofenergy-
demandingpesticidesorfertilizers)byinformation-basedconservativeapproaches.
Information means all data present in forma, inside a given system, including, i.e.
data on ecology, species, genes and genomes, methods, management, cultural or
anthropological aspects and so on. This is the challenge of these years, since it is
theinformationweproducethatwillleadusduringthiscentury.Infact,wedonot
knowyethowtheactualfoodproductionandconsumptionrateswillevolve,which
kind of changes are coming, nor how the human population will sustain itself on
earth,hopefullyinapeacefulway.
The Series, hence, aims at providing a forum contribution to present, organize
anddiscusssomeaspectsoftheactualsustainabilityissues,asdescribed.
This Volume is organized in three sections providing the reader a progressive
focus,frombasicresearchapproachestomoredefinedtopics,towardsfinalapplied
aspectsofinsectcontrol.Theamountofinformationprovidedisimpressive,updated
throughtheresearchdataproducedbythelaboratoryandfieldworkoftheauthors.
The scientists who edited and contributed to the Volume have a high credibility
andrepresenttheleadingedgeoftheirfield,bothfortheirexperienceandscientific
production. I consider this is a fortunate start for the Series and hope it will be
followedbyequallycomprehensiveandattractivecontributions.
Bari,Italy AurelioCiancio
Preface
Theever-increasingscaleofhumanactivity,includingagriculture,producespollu-
tionanddisturbancesthathavelongbeenrecognizedasunsustainable.Governments
and the public are now generally aware of the need to not only increase crop pro-
ductionlevels,buttodoitinwaysthatusefewerresourcesandarelessdestructive
to natural ecosystems. This series, Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection, is
launched with the aim of providing comprehensive, multidisciplinary reviews of
informationthatcanbeusedtomovetowardmoresustainableagriculturalsystems.
Inthisfirstvolume, wefocus on nematodes asnonchemical alternatives forinsect
pestcontrol,withspecialemphasisonentomopathogenicnematodes(EPNs).Native
andcommercialEPNpopulationsareusedineverycontinentforcontrollinginsect
pestsintargetcrops.However,theirefficacyandsuccessrequirein-depthknowledge
of their biology and ecology in our changing environment. This volume presents
new advances on the biodiversity and distribution of native EPNs, discusses some
key multitrophic interactions in the soil, and highlights critical factors affecting
the survival and activity of EPNs in the environment as well as new production
andreleasesystems.Toillustratethesefundamentalbases,weprovideseveralcase
studies from different countries and crop systems, to reflect new, rational, and
optimalusesofEPNs.
Thevolumeisorganizedinthreesections.Thefirstsectioncoversthediversity,
biology, and evolutionary aspects of the nematodes and their bacteria (Chap.1),
advances in improvement using a genetic approach (Chap. 2), behavior and
populationdynamics(Chap.3),naturalforcesthatdriveEPNactivityandsurvival
in the soil (Chap. 4), trophic relationships in agricultural habitats and their
implication for biocontrol (Chap. 5), and conservation or classical approaches
forusingEPNs(Chap.6).Thesecondsectionservestotransitionbetweenthebasic
research and those applications required to use EPNs for biological control. This
sectiondiscusseskeyaspectsofapplicationtechnologyandformulation(Chap.7),
presentsforthefirsttimethefulldetailsof“insectcadaver”application(Chap.8),
reviews recent advances in EPN application technology (Chap. 9), and presents
the regulations and ecological impacts of EPN production and release in a global
market(Chap.10).Thefinalsectionprovidesin-depthdescriptionsofexperiences
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