Table Of ContentSpringer Proceedings in Business and Economics
Silvia L. Fotea
Ioan Ş. Fotea
Sebastian Văduva Editors
Navigating Through
the Crisis: Business,
Technological and
Ethical Considerations
The 2020 Annual Griffiths School of
Management and IT Conference
(GSMAC) Vol 2
Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11960
Silvia L. Fotea • Ioan Ş. Fotea
Sebastian V duva
ă
Editors
Navigating Through
the Crisis: Business,
Technological and Ethical
Considerations
The 2020 Annual Griffiths School
of Management and IT Conference
(GSMAC) Vol 2
Editors
Silvia L. Fotea Ioan Ş. Fotea
Griffiths School of Management Griffiths School of Management
Emanuel University of Oradea Emanuel University of Oradea
Oradea, Romania Oradea, Romania
Sebastian Văduva
Griffiths School of Management
Emanuel University of Oradea
Oradea, Romania
ISSN 2198-7246 ISSN 2198-7254 (electronic)
Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
ISBN 978-3-030-82750-2 ISBN 978-3-030-82751-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82751-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 The Significance of Wellness and Its Presence in the Life
of the Romanian Young Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Elisabeta Ilona Molnar and Greta Gulyas
2 Systemic Risk Causality Among Economic Sectors:
An Analysis of the Banking and Real Estate Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cristina Georgiana Zeldea
3 Destination Management as Determinant
of Tourist Attractiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Faur Monica and Ban Olimpia
4 Mapping the Performance of Smart Cities
in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu, Catalin Corneliu Ghinararu,
and Eduard Mihai Manta
5 Cybersecurity Threats and Vulnerabilities in Energy Transition
to Smart Electricity Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Vlad Daniel Savin
6 Study of Knowledge Management Impact on Sustainable
Higher Education Institutions: A Business Process
Modelling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Diana Ivana, Mihaela Drăgan, Mihaela Maftei, Uwe Gӧtze,
and Daniel Metz
7 Public Pension Systems’ Financial Sustainability
in Central and Eastern European Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Florin Cornel Dumiter and Ștefania Amalia Jimon
8 A Bioeconomic Perspective on Agriculture Development
in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Bălan Emilia Mary and Cismaș Laura Mariana
v
vi Contents
9 Risk and Solutions for Economic Entities Identified
Through Integrated Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Luminiţa Rus, Mărioara Beleneşi, and Dana Simona Gherai
10 Highlighting the Driving Forces of the Shadow Economy
Among EU Countries: An Empirical Investigation Based
on the MIMIC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu and Friedrich Schneider
11 To Be Agile or Not to Be: New Business Models
for Civil Society Organisations in Times of Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Frank Elbers, Ana-Maria Grigore, and Adela Coman
12 Towards a Romanian Entrepreneurial and Ecological University:
Learning Talent Management from “Big-Tech” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Sebastian Văduva, Daniel Burtic, Lois Văduva, and Robert Hisrich
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Chapter 1
The Significance of Wellness and Its
Presence in the Life of the Romanian
Young Generation
Elisabeta Ilona Molnar and Greta Gulyas
Abstract Identifying the significance of wellness for young people in Romania has
been both a challenge for the present chapter and a source of inspiration. The
increasingly popular alternative medicine combined with various other healing
activities leads to the prevention of illnesses, and this triggers the growing popular-
ity of wellness, a concept already acknowledged on an international level. This
trend prevails all over the world on various levels and in various forms – and inter-
twined with tourism, they form a new dynamic and fast-developing branch of the
industry, i.e. wellness tourism. Naturally, in different parts of the world, this entails
various forms which depend on the mentality, culture and living standards of the
given region.
The present study features the literature review and a quantitative research con-
ducted based on a questionnaire completed by young people, Millennials and Z
Generations. The results of the research reflect young people’s motivation to travel
for wellness, destination as wellness travellers, and their willingness to spend
money when travelling.
Keywords Wellness · Wellness tourism · Young generation · Tourism destination
1.1 Introduction
The term wellness is difficult to pinpoint being the outcome of a complex process
which varies according to the context it is used in. As a concept, its origins can be
traced to the United States of America in the nineteenth century; at that time, it was
associated with ideas concerning change of lifestyle as well as promotion and advo-
cacy of health. The development of the concept of wellness can be attributed to
E. I. Molnar () · G. Gulyas
University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1
S. L. Fotea et al. (eds.), Navigating Through the Crisis: Business, Technological
and Ethical Considerations, Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82751-9_1
2 E. I. Molnar and G. Gulyas
well-known individuals of that time, like Kellogg, Quimby, Eddy, and Fletcher;
however, the term was introduced by Dr Halbert Louis Dunn (Miller, 2005). In one
of his studies, Dr Dunn claimed, “It is quite possible that much of chronic disease
could be eliminated if physicians knew how to recognize various levels of wellness”
(Dunn, 1957, pp 229–230). The social dimension is very important for which reason
he defines, “High-level wellness for the individual is defined as an integrated method
of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the indi-
vidual is capable. It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance
and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning” (Dunn,
1961, pp 4–5). Travis continues to develop the ideas presented, and through Wellness
Resource Center founded in 1975 – the world's first wellness centre, he concentrates
on the idea of helping people be responsible for their own health (Miller, 2005). In
WHO Regional Committee for Europe magazine, M. Chan emphasizes, “promoting
health and well-being is the key to the future” (Chan, 2013, pp 8).
Well-being is a phenomenon that is realized through the combination of physical
condition and a state of mind as a result of certain processes which entails individu-
als satisfying their daily needs. Travelling and the need for a change, to relax and to
get to know something new are decisive factors in establishing well-being.
On the level of concept, wellness tourism may encompass staying outside of the
home, the motive being to achieve a state of well-being, an optimal health status and
prevention of diseases (Printz-Markó et al., 2017).
Health tourism encompasses both medical and wellness tourism, in which case
the motivation of tourists is maintaining their health, in some cases, to improve it.
The path to the final aim, which could be recovery or even prevention, is via the
services provided by health tourism (Sziva, 2010).
1.2 Literature Review
Wellness is one of the most decisive travel trends; its fundamental principle is har-
mony between body and soul. The central idea is that physical beauty must be asso-
ciated with inner beauty and spiritual balance. (Törőcsik, 2006.)
Global Wellness Institute (GWI) defines wellness as the active pursuit of activi-
ties, choices and lifestyles that lead to a state of holistic health. (Global Wellness
Institute, 2020). In the Oxford English Dictionary, the term is defined in the follow-
ing way: behavioural scientists define it as physical, mental, social and spiritual
well-being (Clothier, 2007).
The aims of wellness participants are to look as well as possible, improve well-
being, lose some weight if need be, slow down the ageing process, avoid or reduce
pain and relieve discomfort, manage stress, or improve health outcomes with natu-
ral support and supplements, like vitamins and minerals (Stănciulescu et al., 2015).
Institutions that provide wellness services are characteristic first of all of Europe,
in particular of the German-speaking countries and of the countries in the
Mediterranean basin, South-East Asia and North America (Csirmaz & Pető, 2015).
1 The Significance of Wellness and Its Presence in the Life of the Romanian Young… 3
Two new concepts must be introduced according to which wellness tourism travel-
lers can be grouped. One group is that of primary-purpose wellness travellers whose
main motivation is both choice of destination and that wellness be part of provided
services, while the other group is that of secondary-purpose wellness travellers who
avail themselves of wellness services as well while travelling (Stará & Peterson,
2017). Thus, a secondary-purpose wellness traveller group include a business trav-
eller, and they can have several roles in promoting the destination. Marin-Pantelescu
mentions they can also become unpaid ‘ambassadors’ for a destination by commu-
nicating to colleagues and others their positive impressions and favourable experi-
ences (Marin-Pantelescu, 2011).
“Education represents a potentially powerful, but not yet well-harnessed, force
for advancing wellness” (Cowen, 1991). We should take as a concrete example for
the development of wellness as an occupation the parameters that we need to pay
attention to in schools when the youth must choose a career path.
In the past decades, international organizations and the European Union have
campaigned for the implementation of social policies that will help both companies
and public authorities to find solutions aimed at promoting the health and well-
being of the population. Within these social measures, the scheme of vouchers with
specific destinations in different countries was born: meal vouchers, services vouch-
ers, childcare vouchers, transport vouchers, “green “vouchers, holiday vouchers,
and wellness vouchers. It is important to mention the wellness vouchers used in
Sweden and Finland “constitute important tools to build mentally and healthy work-
places” (Renaudin, 2014, pp 130). This system was also implemented in Romania;
the purpose and the use of holiday vouchers or holiday cards are regulated by legis-
lative decisions. (OUG 8/2009; HG 215/2009; HG 940/2017). The holiday voucher/
holiday card system has contributed significantly to the development of domestic
tourism in Romania.
A great part of wellness tourism is generated by spa and wellness services offered
by the great hotel groups (Kadieva, 2015). One of the best-known forms of the ben-
eficial effects of water, both in health tourism and wellness tourism, is spa facilities,
spas and hydrotherapy and their application in the field of stress management.
(Printz-Markó & Molnar, 2019). It is necessary to distinguish between a relatively
passive form of physical and mental relaxation and an active form of relaxation.
(Voigt et al., 2011)
On an international level, it is already well-known that there is a close relation-
ship between the business tourism product and that of wellness. Hotel owners/man-
agers have identified among business travellers that the latter ‘s’ need to prevent
diseases and maintain health; therefore, in most four- and five-star hotels, wellness
services have come to be considered basic criteria. As far as travel time is con-
cerned, business tourism complements wellness tourism very well, and conferences
are usually held during the week, whereas wellness tourists arrive for the weekend
(Happ, 2008).
However, one must have in mind that wellness services are usually offered by
four- and five-star hotels. This segment has experienced strong growth in the entire
country in the past few years (Table 1.1).
