Table Of ContentJudith KINNEAR | Marjory MARTIN
NATURE OF
BIOLOGY
VCE UNITS 3 AND 4
FIFTH EDITION
2
nature of
biology
VCE Units 3 and 4 fifth edition
2
nature of
biology
VCE Units 3 and 4
fifth edition
2
Judith Kinnear
Marjory Martin
Fifth edition published 2017 by
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064
First edition published 1992
Second edition published 2000
Third edition published 2006
Fourth edition published 2013
Typeset in 10.5/12 pt Utopia Std
© Judith Kinnear and Marjory Martin 1992, 2000, 2006, 2013, 2017
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Creator: Kinnear, Judith, author.
Title: Nature of biology. Book 2: VCE units 3 and 4 /
Judith Kinnear, Marjory Martin.
Edition: Fifth edition.
ISBN: 978-0-7303-2878-0 (set)
978-0-7303-2882-7 (ebook)
978-0-7303-2879-7 (paperback)
978-0-7303-3110-0 (studyON)
Notes: Includes index.
Target Audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary)
Biology—Textbooks.
Biology—Problems, exercises, etc.
Victorian Certificate of Education examination—Study guides.
Other Creators/
Contributors: Martin, Marjory, author.
Dewey Number: 570.712
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Contents
Preface x Explaining enzyme specificity 86
About eBookPLUS and studyon xi Mode of action of enzymes 87
About this book xii Factors affecting enzyme activity 90
Enzymes can be inhibited 92
Acknowledgements xiv
Enzyme’s little helpers 95
Biologist at work 97
Unit 3
BioChallenge 99
Chapter review 100
AreA of study 1
ChApter 4
ChApter 1
energy transfers and
Cells: a review 1
transformations 103
Cells: the basic units of life 2
Prokaryotes: no nuclear envelope! 8 Life support in space 104
Plasma membrane: the gatekeeper 11 Photosynthesis: energy from the sun 109
Functions of the plasma membrane 16 Photosynthesis in action 119
Crossing the plasma membrane 18 Rate of photosynthesis 127
the role of different organelles in the export dangers in confined spaces 129
of protein from the cell 29
Purpose of cellular respiration 132
Biology in the workplace 33
stages of aerobic respiration 142
BioChallenge 34
Mitochondria: the powerhouses 149
Chapter review 35
BioChallenge 154
ChApter 2 Chapter review 155
nucleic acids and proteins: a review 39
AreA of study 2
Organic molecules 40
nucleic acids 41 ChApter 5
Gene structure 44 Cellular signals 159
Gene sequencing 44
signals for communication 160
nature of the genetic code 47
stages in ‘cell chatter’ 165
Proteins 50
Chemical signals in animals 171
a closer look at a gene 57
Chemical signalling in plants 185
Protein synthesis 59
Chemical signals: plant hormones 186
transcription: copying the original 59
apoptosis: programmed cell death 205
translation: decoding genetic instructions 61
BioChallenge 213
Genes have various functions 66
Chapter review 214
time and place for everything 67
Gene regulation in bacteria 71
ChApter 6
BioChallenge 73
Pathogens all around us 217
Chapter review 74
Bubonic plague or black death 218
ChApter 3
the germ theory of disease 222
enzymes and biochemical pathways 77
Microbes are all around us 225
the plague of the sea 78 Pathogens: cellular and non-cellular 232
What is an enzyme? 81 Meet some pathogens! 236
Bacteria and human diseases 236 Biologist at work 406
Viruses: non-cellular pathogens 245 speciation 408
Prions: a new kind of pathogen 253 Mutations: source of new alleles 410
Other prion diseases 256 types of mutations 416
self or non-self? 260 Manipulating gene pools 422
transplantation in australia 265 selective breeding in action 423
BioChallenge 272 technologies in selective breeding 429
Chapter review 274 Biologists at work 436
BioChallenge 438
ChApter 7 Chapter review 439
immune defences against
ChApter 10
pathogens 277
Changes in biodiversity over time 443
inflammation of the gut 278
species: unchanging or not? 444
immunity: defence against infection 279
time scales in evolution 452
the innate immune system 287
How old is it? 456
Cells of the innate immune system 291
Changing life forms over time 461
Humoral innate immunity 298
Fossils: evidence of past life 467
the inflammatory response 302
Evidence of biological change over time 474
the common cold 306
Biologist at work 480
adaptive immunity 308 Biogeography: biogeographic distributions 483
Cells of adaptive immunity 317 Patterns of biological change 487
B cells: antibody factories 319 Biologist at work 495
Biologist at work 321 BioChallenge 499
t cells: helpers and killers 322 Chapter review 500
antigen-presenting cells 325
ChApter 11
Helper t cells 327
how are species related? 503
Biologist at work 330
BioChallenge 331 Being related 504
Chapter review 332 Comparing proteins 508
Comparing dna 510
ChApter 8
the ‘molecular clock’ concept 518
immunity: types and deficiencies 335
showing relatedness 521
Gardasil: a protective vaccine 336 Cichlids of the african Lakes 529
specific immunity 337 BMP4 in darwin’s finches 532
Herd immunity 346 Biology in the workplace 535
the boy in the bubble 349 BioChallenge 536
defects of the immune system 350 Chapter review 538
Monoclonal antibodies 363
ChApter 12
Biologists at work 367 human changes over time 541
BioChallenge 371
Chapter review 373 Our place in the living world 542
Classification of the human species 542
Unit 4 Classifications can change 552
Evolution of the primates 553
Hominin evolution: where did it begin? 556
AreA of study 1
the beginning: the prehuman hominins 565
ChApter 9 scientist at work 567
Changes in genetic make-up the prehuman hominin family 568
the genus Homo: human at last! 576
of populations 377
Views of human evolution 594
Can you drink milk? 378 Changing lifestyles of H. sapiens 596
inherited variation in populations 382 Changes in human populations 599
Genes in populations 392 BioChallenge 608
Change agents in populations 395 Chapter review 609
viii Contents
