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2016
Nature as Spiritual Lived Experience: How Five
Christian Teologians Encounter the Spirit In and
Trough the Natural World
Brad A. Martell
Antioch University, New England
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Martell, Brad A., "Nature as Spiritual Lived Experience: How Five Christian Teologians Encounter the Spirit In and Trough the
Natural World" (2016). Dissertations & Teses. 290.
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NATURE AS SPIRITUAL LIVED EXPERIENCE:
HOW FIVE CHRISTIAN THEOLOGIANS ENCOUNTER
THE SPIRIT IN AND THROUGH THE NATURAL WORLD
By
Brad A. Martell
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Environmental Studies
at
Antioch University New England
2016
Copyright @ 2016 by Brad A. Martell
All rights reserved.
ii
To Lori
Returning to the wild together!
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It is with deep appreciation that I thank my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Joy
W. Ackerman for her tremendous patience, guidance, and support.
I want to thank my other committee members, Dr. Don Compier and Dr. Steve
Chase for their generosity and willingness to serve on my committee. I’m extremely
grateful for my committee’s thoughtful feedback and ongoing encouragement.
With special appreciation I thank my research participants, Dr. Mark I. Wallace,
Dr. Catherine Keller, Dr. Darby Kathleen Ray, Dr. Anthony (Tony) J. Chvala-Smith, and
Dr. Priscilla Eppinger for generously sharing their experiences. Their experiences and
theological work have been greatly influential to my own theological and spiritual
formation. It was truly a delight to begin our conversations by “breaking bread” together.
I am deeply grateful for my faith community and my colleagues at Community of
Christ International Headquarters and Community of Christ Seminary, Independence,
Missouri.
My love and thanks to my family for believing in me and encouraging me along
the way.
Finally, to my spouse, Lori, no words can express the immensity of my love and
gratitude for all her assistance as my research assistant and editor and the many sacrifices
she made along the way.
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ABSTRACT
This qualitative study explored five Western Christian theologians’ religious lived
experience of God’s Spirit in and through Nature. The hermeneutic phenomenological
research method was utilized. Rich descriptions of lived experience were collected
through 60-90 minute long phenomenological interviews which were recorded and
transcribed verbatim into a text for analysis. Analysis included repeated readings of the
text, identification of themes, and validation and/or correction of themes. Synthesis
looked at the research as a whole and established implications and applications for
Christian theology, particularly ecotheology.
The study contributes to the literature of phenomenology and theology, calls for a
place for lived experience (along with scripture, tradition, and reason) within theology,
seeks to encourage theologians to incorporate into their work personal lived experiences
of the divine in and through Nature, and ultimately hopes to illuminate one way to help
inspire the church to more deeply embrace the healing of Earth as a moral responsibility.
The research should be of particular interest to phenomenological scholars, other scholars
looking at human relationship with the environment/natural world, professional
theologians engaged in developing ecotheology, and students of Christian theology.
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CONTENTS
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………… iv
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………... v
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………... vi
Preface A Personal Lived Experience ……………………………………………. vii
Chapter 1 Orienting to the Phenomenon ……………………………………………... 1
Chapter 2 Literature of the Phenomenon ………………………………………….... 10
Chapter 3 Methodology and Research Design …………………………………….... 37
Chapter 4 Religious Lived Experience of Five Christian Theologians ……………... 63
Chapter 5 Synthesis of Research …………………………………………………... 118
Chapter 6 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 134
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………... 141
Appendixes ……………………………………………………………………………. 146
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Preface
A Personal Experience
And I have felt
A presence that disturbs me with the joy
Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime
Of something far more deeply interfused,
Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
And the round ocean and the living air,
And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:
A motion and a spirit, that impels
All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
And rolls through all things.
—William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
On an autumn evening many years ago, I stood upon a boulder strewn shore along
the Penobscot River backwaters near Orland, Maine. I stared across the river as the sun
seared the forested horizon. The water’s surface reflected the raging sky fire. Above,
stratus clouds glowed like yellow, orange, and red embers. Although the fall air was
crisped and chilled, I felt surprising warmth like the feeling of standing before a blazing
campfire. But unlike warming only one side of my body the heat enveloped me like I
was now standing in the center of the fire ring with the flames all round me.
I stood there listening to the lap of water along the stony shore. My eyes were
mesmerized like I was staring into the campfire watching images flicker within the
flames.
I remained still and quiet, just resting in the warmth and beauty. The heat
continued to infuse deeper into my very being. I became aware of the warmth not only
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within me, but flowing outward as well, permeating the water, forest, and sky. The
warmth was comforting as it filled in and through me. And then it felt like layers of my
sense of self were burning away. I found my sense of self utterly insignificant like a
mere pile of burnt ash left behind from the wildfire burning down the horizon. I was
nothing in comparison to the magnificence of the glowing sun, water, stone, and trees. I
was nothing compared to this warming presence enfolding me and everything around me.
This disrupting feeling of my diminutiveness, this nothingness of self flared hot as a
shower of sparks then was gone. My unsettling awareness of insignificance grew into a
realization that my existence, my creaturely being was meaningful, significant, and loved.
I did not exist alone. I exited in relationship inseparable with the existence of the rocks,
the burning clouds, and the setting sun. I was inseparable from the glowing water, the
darkening forest, and this warming sense of presence permeating in and through me and
all life.
I lay in bed that night contemplating my experience and the manifestation of the
interconnectedness I had felt. From studying ecology, theology, and philosophy I
understood this sense of interrelatedness in a highly conceptualized academic manner.
The concept of a wholistic and interconnected Earth, a planetary system, universes with a
Creator was what I believed in. But at that particular time and place along the Penobscot
River backwaters my experience and beliefs became more than a cognitive process of
knowing and being in the world. My sense of being . . . this I . . . me . . . my
creatureliness . . . was meaningful, but not because I, this self, existed. Rather it was
because I existed in relationship with other subjects, other selves, other beings. I was
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made of the same stuff all things are made from. And live off the same stuff all things
live off of -- air, water, nutrients, and natural processes.
What I understood intellectually before came as an intense sensory, aesthetic, and
self-transcendent experience. The warm presence with the rocks, water, and sun moved
in and through me as I moved in and through them. It was my whole being (mind, body,
and spirit) warmly wrapped and inseparably connected with the world and this sense of
an enveloping presence.
I remember my words not being poetically gracefully as I tried to describe my
experience to Lori, my spouse, later that night. The tremendous feelings and sense of
wonder I felt escaped the grasp of language. My experience was too fresh, raw,
permeating, and wondrous for words to articulate such an enveloping sense of presence
and interconnection with that place along the shore. Though, I knew somehow in spite of
my awkward and limited lexicon of language Lori expressed understanding. I saw
reflected in her blue-green eyes sparks of deep knowing and reassurance of my
experience.
My eyes grew heavier and the sunset in my thoughts burned ever lower passed the
horizon of consciousness. Drifting off to sleep, I recalled lines from one of my favorite
Wordsworth’s poems: “Whose dwelling is . . . setting suns . . . round oceans . . . living air
. . . blue sky . . . .” What this poet of English Romanticism wrote over two hundred years
ago, as he stood on the banks of the Wye River, spoke to my experience as though he had
stood right next to me along the banks of the Penobscot. I felt tremendously blessed by
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