Table Of ContentNATURAL ORGANIC
MATTER IN WATER
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NATURAL ORGANIC
MATTER IN WATER
CHARACTERIZATION,
TREATMENT METHODS, AND
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
SECOND EDITION
MIKA SILLANPÄÄ
LUT University, Finland
YURI PARK
LUT University, Finland
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Contents
1. General introduction 1
Abbreviations 2
References 12
2. Impact of climate and atmospheric pressures on natural organic
matter concentration and surface water treatment practices 19
Abbreviations 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Drivers ofincreasingDOC 22
2.3 Predicting futureDOCconcentration underclimatescenarios 30
2.4 Impacton watertreatment 31
2.5 Conclusions 34
References 35
3. Characterization of natural organic matter 43
Abbreviations 44
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Generalparameters 47
3.3 Biological tests 50
3.4 Isolation andconcentration 51
3.5 Fractionation 51
3.6 Spectroscopic methods 55
3.7 Chromatographic methods 64
3.8 Other characterization methods 71
3.9 Conclusions 77
References 78
4. NOM removal by coagulation 93
Abbreviations 93
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Aluminum-based coagulants 99
4.3 Ferric-based coagulants 101
4.4 Inorganicpolymer flocculants 101
4.5 Organic polyelectrolytes 104
v
vi Contents
4.6 Composite coagulants 107
4.7 Novelcoagulants 109
4.8 Conclusions 111
References 112
5. NOM removal by electrochemical methods 121
Abbreviations 121
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Principles ofECandEOtechnologies 123
5.3 ECandEO technologiesin NOMremoval 130
5.4 Conclusions 142
References 144
6. Membranes 151
Abbreviations 151
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Microfiltration 154
6.3 Ultrafiltration 155
6.4 Nanofiltration 170
6.5 Reverseosmosis 179
6.6 Membrane fouling 180
6.7 Conclusions 185
References 186
7. NOM removal by biofiltration 195
Abbreviations 196
7.1 Introduction 196
7.2 TypesofbiofiltrationandtheirroleinNOMremoval 197
7.3 NOMremovalmechanisms duringbiofiltration 198
7.4 FactorsthatinfluenceNOMremovalduringbiofiltration 200
7.5 Metrics andmonitoring toolsforNOMremovalinbiofilters 212
7.6 Conclusions 217
References 219
8. NOM removal by advanced oxidation processes 225
Abbreviations 225
8.1 Introduction 226
8.2 AopsinNOMremoval 228
8.3 UVlight-basedapplications 232
8.4 Fentonprocesses 240
Contents vii
8.5 Heterogeneous photocatalysis andcatalytic oxidation 241
8.6 Ultrasound irradiationande-beamirradiation 252
8.7 Conclusions 254
References 257
9. NOM removal by adsorption 267
Abbreviations 267
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Removal ofNOManditsconstituentsfromwaterusingadsorbents 269
9.3 Conclusion andoutlook 285
References 286
10. Ion exchange 291
Abbreviations 291
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 RemovalofNOMfromwater byionexchange 294
10.3 Conclusion 324
References 325
11. Integrated methods 329
11.1 Introduction 329
11.2 Coupling coagulationwithotherprocesses 329
11.3 Coupling membranetechnologywithotherprocesses 333
11.4 Conclusions 348
References 349
Index 357
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CHAPTER 1
General introduction
Mika Sillanpää1,2,3,4 and Yuri Park5
1DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofMining,MetallurgyandChemicalEngineering,
UniversityofJohannesburg,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica;2ChemistryDepartment,CollegeofScience,
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia;3DepartmentofAppliedPhysics,FacultyofScienceand
Technology,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysiaBangi,Selangor,Malaysia;4InternationalResearchCentre
ofNanotechnologyforHimalayanSustainability(IRCNHS),ShooliniUniversity,Solan,Himachal
Pradesh,India;5InstituteofEnvironmentalTechnology,DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,
SeoulNationalUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Seoul,SouthKorea
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of organic materials and a key
component in aquatic environments. As a result of the interactions between the
hydrologic cycle and the biosphere and geosphere, the water sources of drinking
water generally contain NOM. The amount, character, and properties of NOM vary
considerably according to the origins of the waters and depend on the biogeo-
chemical cycles of their surrounding environments. Also, the interrelation between
NOM and climate change has attracted a great deal of attention in recent research.
NOM has a significant impact on many aspects of water treatment, including the
performance of unit processes, necessity for and application of water treatment
chemicals, and the biological stability of the water. As a result, NOM affects potable
water quality as a carrier of metals and hydrophobic organic chemicals and by
contributingtoundesirablecolor,taste,andodorproblems.Moreover,NOMhasbeen
found to be the major contributor to disinfection by-product (DBP) formation.
Changes in NOM quantity and quality have a significant influence on the selection,
design, and operation of water treatment processes. These changes also cause
operationaldifficultiesinwaterutilities.Highseasonalvariabilityandthetrendtoward
elevatedlevelsofNOMconcentrationposechallengestowatertreatmentfacilitiesin
terms of operational optimization and proper process control. To improve and opti-
mize these processes, it is vital to characterize and quantify NOM at various stages
during the purification and treatment process. It is also essential to be able to un-
derstandandpredictthereactivityofNOMoritsfractionsduringdifferentphasesof
the treatment. Once the composition and quantity of NOM in the water source has
beenexamined,suitablemethodsforefficientNOMremovalcanbeapplied.Nosingle
processalonecanbeusedtotreatNOMduetoitshighvariability.
Keywords: Characterization; Climatechange;Coagulation; Drinkingwater; Natural
organicmatter(NOM); Wateranalysis;Watertreatment.
NaturalOrganicMatterinWater
ISBN978-0-12-824274-2 ©2023ElsevierInc.
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