Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN EARTH SCIENCES
Tuhin Ghosh
Anirban Mukhopadhyay
Natural Hazard
Zonation of Bihar
(India) Using
Geoinformatics
A Schematic
Approach
123
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Tuhin Ghosh Anirban Mukhopadhyay
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Natural Hazard Zonation
of Bihar (India) Using
Geoinformatics
A Schematic Approach
123
Tuhin Ghosh
Anirban Mukhopadhyay
School ofOceanographic Studies
JadavpurUniversity
Kolkata, WestBengal
India
ISSN 2191-5369 ISSN 2191-5377 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-04437-8 ISBN 978-3-319-04438-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04438-5
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Acknowledgments
Wefeelprivilegedfortheopportunitytocarryouttheproject‘‘SchematicNatural
Hazard Zonation of Bihar Using Geoinformatics’’ and it has been a great expe-
rience to become familiar with so many knowledgeable and experienced people
fromdifferentactivitiesandbackgrounds,bothintheacademicfieldandwithinthe
community.
We would like to express our deepest appreciation tothe International Growth
Centre (IGC) for their generous funding and support for this study. We are
indebted to Prof. Anjan Mukherji, Country Director for the IGC-India-Bihar
Programme for his critical comments and guidelines on the entire process of
execution of this study. We are thankful to Ms. Esha Chhabra and Mr. Chinmaya
Kumar of IGC-India-Bihar Programme for their tireless support.
Special thanks to Dr. Anil K. Sinha, Vice Chairman of Bihar State Disaster
ManagementAuthorityforhiscriticalviewandamendmentsrelatedtoourstudy.
We are also thankful to Dr. D. Mitra of IIRS-Dehradun and Dr. Indrajit Pal of
LBSNAA-Mussooriefortheirexpertcommentsandreviewoftheprogressofthis
study.
We are thankful to Dr. P. K. Joshi of TERI University for his help throughout
the project.
We would like to convey our thanks to Mr. Sandip Mukherjee of TERI
University-Delhi, for his help and support in satellite data analysis. We are also
thankfultoMr.SangramNayek,GSI-Kolkataforsharinghisunderstandingonthe
topography and geology of Bihar.
We are also thankful to Mr. Subhajit Ghosh, Ms. Rituparna Hajra, and
Ms.SamadritaMukherjeeofJadavpurUniversityfortheirextraordinarysupportin
data analysis and report preparation.
Ms. Ruma Pal, holding the RA position in this project made excellent contri-
bution in satellite data analysis and data management.
We extend our deepest regards to a number of Indian and International orga-
nizations like BSDMA (Bihar State Disaster Management Authority), FMISC
(Flood Management Improvement Support Center), NRSC (National Remote
SensingCenter),IIRS(IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing),SoI(SurveyofIndia),
GSI (Geological Survey of India), NATMO (National Atlas and Thematic
Mapping Organization), IMD (Indian Meteorological Department), LBSNAA
(Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration), NASA (National
v
vi Acknowledgments
Aeronautics and Space Administration), and NOAA (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
for sharing their guideline, data, and help throughout this study.
We truly appreciate the supportofthe common peopleofBihar whom we met
during our field visit for not only sharing their knowledge but also for providing
important information.
December 2012 Tuhin Ghosh
Anirban Mukhopadhyay
Contents
1 Flood Hazard in Bihar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Satellite Data Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Drought Hazard in Bihar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Satellite Datasets for Agricultural Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Drought Scenario in Bihar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Rainfall Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.1 Vegetation Vigor/Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.2 Vegetation Health Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 Earthquake Hazard in Bihar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Scenario of Earthquake in Bihar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 Thermal Heat Island Effect in Bihar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Data Used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 Urban Heat Island Scenario of 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.4 Urban Heat Island Scenario of 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
vii
viii Contents
5 Conclusion and Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1 Schematic Hazards Zonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Validation and Updating of Existing Hazard Maps . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix: Rationale of this Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Books Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Website References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Abbreviations
ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
BSDMA Bihar State Disaster Management Authority
DEM Digital Elevation Model
ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Authority
FMISC Flood Management Improvement Support Center
GDEM Global Digital Elevation Model
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
GRUMP Global Rural–Urban Mapping Project
GSI Geological Survey of India
IIRS Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
InSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
IR Infrared Band
IRS Indian Remote Sensing Satellites
JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
LBSNAA Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration
LISS Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensors
LST Land Surface Temperature
MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATMO National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
SDSS Spatial Decision Support System
SoI Survey of India
TCI Temperature Condition Index
TM Thematic Mapper
ix
x Abbreviations
TMI TRMM Microwave Imager
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission
UHI Urban Heat Island Effect
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
VCI Vegetation Condition Index
VHI Vegetation Health Index
