natural enemies, natural allies

131 Pages·2002·0.74 MB·English

NATURAL ENEMIES,
NATURAL ALLIES
- how scientists and coffee farmers forged new partnerships
in the war against pests and low prices -
Project Completion Report of the Integrated Management of
Coffee Berry Borer Project, CFC/ICO/02 (1998-2002)
A project funded by the Common Fund for Commodities,
under the supervision of the International Coffee Organization,
and executed on behalf of the above by CABI Commodities
PS Baker, JAF Jackson, ST Murphy
CABI Commodities
www.cabi-commodities.org
Egham TW20 9TY UK
May 2002
CREDITS
EEEEEDDDDDIIIIITTTTTOOOOORRRRRIIIIIAAAAALLLLL CCCCCOOOOOOOOOORRRRRDDDDDIIIIINNNNNAAAAATTTTTIIIIIOOOOONNNNN
Héctor Fabio Ospina O.
DDDDDEEEEESSSSSIIIIIGGGGGNNNNN AAAAANNNNNDDDDD LLLLLAAAAAYYYYYOOOOOUUUUUTTTTT
Carmenza Bacca Ramírez
PPPPPRRRRRIIIIINNNNNTTTTTEEEEEDDDDD BBBBBYYYYY
FERIVA S.A.
Cali, Colombia
May 2002
The Commodities Press1
1A joint CABI Commodities-Cenicafé enterprise
2
3
†
We dedicate this book
to the memory of
Kerry Muir (1933-2001),
who liked to talk
to farmers
“A sine qua non for
successful development is
the presence of active,
farmer controlled
institutions.”
“If we expect pastoral
idylls then we will
have to pay.”
[Muir, 2000]
CONTENTS
66666
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
77777
GLOSSARY
1111111111
FOREWORD
1111122222
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1111166666
CHAPTER 2
A BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT
3333300000
CHAPTER 3
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE
COFFEE BERRY BORER
4444466666
CHAPTER 4
WORKING WITH SMALLHOLDER FARMERS
4
5
6666644444
CHAPTER 5
THE ECONOMICS OF CBB IPM
7777788888
CHAPTER 6
INSTITUTIONS
8888888888
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
9999988888
BIBLIOGRAPHY
111110000044444
APPENDIX 1
SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND
IMPLEMENTATION
111111111166666
APPENDIX 2
COFFEE BERRY BORER COMPENDIUM
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Too many people have been involved in
the long gestation and execution of this
Project to acknowledge them all separately. So
we warmly thank all our counterparts in the eight
(including the US) participating countries for their
unfailing sociality and solidarity; coffee culture
lives on.
But there is one person we especially salute:
Caleb Dengu, Associate Project Manager at the
Common Fund for Commodities. This is not a per-
functory nod to the major Project donor, but a
sincere appreciation of a genial and committed
colleague.
6
7
GLOSSARY
ACPC, Association of Coffee Produc- CBI, The Coffee Board of India.
ing Countries.
Cenicafé, Centro Nacional de
Anacafé, Asociación Nacional del Café, Investigaciones del Café, the Colom-
the Guatemalan coffee institute. bian coffee research institute, a division
of the Federation of Colombian Coffee
Anecafé, Asociación Nacional de Growers.
Exportadores de Café, the coffee ex-
porters association of Ecuador. CFC, Common Fund for Commodities
is an intergovernmental financial insti-
Biological control, using nature to tution, funding commodity develop-
control pests. All organisms have preda- ment projects globally. The Agreement
tors, but some manage to escape them establishing the Common Fund for
by migrating. The coffee berry borer is Commodities was negotiated in the
one of them, its co-evolved natural en- United Nations Conference on Trade
emies stayed in Africa. This Project and Development (UNCTAD) in the
helped them catch up with their prey. 1970s, concluded in 1980 and came into
force in 1989. Currently the Common
CAB International, CAB International is Fund has 104 Member Countries plus
a not-for-profit treaty level intergovern- the European Community, the
mental organisation with 41 member Organisation of African Unity/African
countries including several major cof- Economic Community (OAU/AEC) and
fee-producing countries. It consists of the Common Market for Eastern and
two divisions CABI Bioscience and CABI Southern Africa (COMESA).
Publishing. Its main goals involve the
generation and brokering of scientific CIAL, Local Agricultural Research Com-
knowledge for developing countries. mittee, a farmer participatory research
validation committee.
CABI Commodities, CABI Commodi-
ties is an initiative of CABI Bioscience,
CIAT, Centre for Agricultural Research
and its mission is to promote profitable,
in the Tropics, Cali, Colombia.
healthy and environmentally safe com-
modity production for resource-poor
CIB, Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica.
farmers through information, research
and training.
Cultural control, a broad term involv-
CBB, coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus ing mostly manual control that includes
hampei (Ferrari 1867)) a 2 mm long hand picking of infested berries.
black scolytid beetle (related to wood-
boring beetles) that is the most signifi- DFID, the Department For International
cant pest of the world’s most impor- Development (UK Governmental body,
tant tropical agricultural commodity. formerly known as the ODA).
ECOSUR, El Colegio de la Frontera IPM, Integrated Pest Management, a
Sur, Chiapas, Mexico. knowledge-intensive strategy for con-
trolling pests where the farmer estimates
FFS, farmer field school. current and future damage to his crop
and picks from a range of techniques
FPR, farmer participatory research. to optimise profit. The basic principal
is that control measures should cost
Gleaning, the term for cultural control less than the losses incurred by inac-
used in India, chiefly for cleaning up af- tion. It requires knowledge of pest bi-
ter the main harvest. ology, continual monitoring of the crop,
the worth of control methods, simple
ICO, The International Coffee Organi- maths and an understanding of com-
zation (ICO) is an intergovernmental modity price dynamics.
body whose members are coffee ex-
porting and importing countries. Estab- Parasitoid, a specialised predator that
lished in 1963 it administers the Inter- lays its eggs on or (as in the case of
national Coffee Agreement from its Phymastichus coffea) in the insect. The
Headquarters in London, and is com- egg hatches out and the larva kills its
mitted to improving conditions in the host by consuming it. Parasitoids differ
world coffee economy through interna- from parasites in that the former always
tional co-operation, helping price equi- kill their host to complete their life-cycle.
librium by developing demand for cof-
PEA, Project Executing Agency (i.e.
fee in emerging markets and through
CABI Commodities).
projects to reduce damage from pests
and improve marketing and quality, en-
PI, Participating Institution, these were
hancing coffee growers’ long-term com-
Anecafé, Cenicafé, CBI and Promecafé
petitiveness and contributing to the
(consisting of Anacafé, Ihcafé, CIB and
fight against poverty.
Ecosur).
IHCAFE, Instituto Hondureño del Café.
Promecafé, Programa Cooperativo Re-
gional para el Desarrollo Technológico
IICA, Instituto Interamericano de
y Moderización de la Caficultura, a
Cooperación para la Agricultura.
Central American coffee technology
network formed under the auspices of
IICA.
8
9
10